{"id":108922,"date":"2022-09-17T16:07:15","date_gmt":"2023-08-16T02:52:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/?p=108922"},"modified":"2023-08-16T10:54:33","modified_gmt":"2023-08-16T02:54:33","slug":"9cc4e417d5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/column\/108922.html","title":{"rendered":"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

\u6458\u8981\uff1a<\/span><\/strong>\u5dba\u5357\u540d\u5712\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u9f0e\u76db\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u821f\u696b\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u8a69\u980c\u8354\u7063\uff0c\u6b4c\u821e\u8377\u5858\u3002\u71df\u5546\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u7c4d\u6c92\u5165\u5b98\uff0c\u7e41\u83ef\u9813\u6b47\uff0c\u8072\u8272\u4ff1\u5bc2\uff0c\u60b2\u6dbc\u4e4b\u9727\uff0c\u904d\u88ab\u83ef\u6797\u3002\u6642\u904e\u5883\u9077\uff0c\u6e6e\u6ec5\u7121\u5b58\uff0c\u540d\u5712\u6545\u5740\uff0c\u7d1b\u8b70\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8490\u96c6\u6574\u5408\u8a69\u3001\u6587\u3001\u756b\u3001\u5730\u5716\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u7504\u5225\u6821\u9a57\uff0c\u8d70\u8a2a\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u53c3\u8b49\uff0c\u8003\u8b49\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\uff0c\u7c4d\u6b64\u5c0f\u6587\uff0c\u70ba\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u790e\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001\u5e8f\u8a00<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u516d\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u5fc3\u8840\u4f86\u6f6e\u5730\u8cfc\u8cb7\u4e86\u4e00\u5957\u91cd\u520a\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>1.1<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u53e2\u66f8\u520a\u523b\u65bc<\/span>1845<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1851<\/span>\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u5716\u66f8\u5171<\/span>56<\/span>\u7a2e\uff0c<\/span>487<\/span>\u5377\uff0c\u7531\u884c\u5546\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u532f\u8f2f\uff0c\u53e2\u66f8\u56e0\u5176\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u800c\u5f97\u540d\u3002\u532f\u523b\u53e2\u66f8\u7684\u98a8\u6c23\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u4ee3\u898b\u65bc\u540c\u6a23\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u7d33\u5546\u3002\u55e3\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u884c\u5546\u4f0d\u5d07\u8000\uff08<\/span>1810<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1868<\/span>\uff09\u520a\u523b\u300a\u7cb5\u96c5\u5802\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u6210\u66f8\u65bc<\/span>1850<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1875<\/span>\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u6536\u9304\u5716\u66f8\u5171<\/span>208<\/span>\u7a2e\uff0c<\/span>1289<\/span>\u5377\uff0c\u53e2\u66f8\u4ea6\u662f\u56e0\u5176\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u201c\u7cb5\u96c5\u5802\u201d\u800c\u5f97\u540d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>1.1<\/span>\u7ffb\u5370\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\u5c01\u9762<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u70ba\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u3001\u7cb5\u96c5\u5802\uff0c\u6f58\u6c0f\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4ee5\u5176\u5712\u6797\u5de8\u69cb\u66f4\u70ba\u5f8c\u4eba\u719f\u77e5\u3002\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff0c\u5b57\u5fb7\u4f58\u3001\u5fb7\u8f3f\u3001\u5fb7\u9685\uff0c\u751f\u65bc<\/span>1804<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5609\u6176\u4e5d\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u7956\u7c4d\u798f\u5efa\uff0c\u4e16\u5c45\u5ee3\u5dde\uff0c\u884c\u5546\u51fa\u8eab\u3002\u5f9e\u66fe\u7956\u7236\u6f58\u632f\u627f\uff08<\/span>1714<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1788<\/span>\uff09\u66f4\u662f\u5ee3\u6771\u6f58\u76e7\u4f0d\u8449\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e4b\u9996\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u5225\u7a31\uff1a\u6f58\u5712\u3001\u6f58\u6c0f\u5712\u3001\u8354\u5712\u3001\u8354\u9999\u5712\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8b6f\u4f5c\uff1a<\/span>Puntinqua\u2019s garden<\/span>\u3001<\/span>Poontinqua\u2019s Garden<\/span>\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u59cb\u5efa\u65bc<\/span>1841<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>[1]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u671f\u9593\u66fe\u4f5c\u5916\u4e2d\u5916\u5b98\u65b9\u63a5\u5f85\u8ac7\u5224\u7684\u5916\u4ea4\u5834\u6240\u3001\u6587\u4eba\u58a8\u5ba2\u99d0\u8db3\u6e38\u8cde\u7684\u5712\u6797\u52dd\u5730\u3002\u665a\u5e74\u6a6b\u906d\u8b8a\u6545\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u62ee\u636e\uff0c<\/span>1870<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u8cc7\u4e0d\u62b5\u50b5\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u67e5\u6284\u62cd\u8ce3\u3002\u76f4\u5230<\/span>1873<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5df2\u7d93\u5206\u62c6\u81f3\u6240\u5269\u7121\u5e7e\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u843d\u9b44\u800c\u5352\u3002\u53ca\u81f3\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6e6e\u6ec5\uff0c\u4eba\u7a31\u5176\u6545\u5712\u70ba\uff1a\u6f58\u6c0f\u5ee2\u5712\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u66fe\u7d93\u7684\u665a\u6e05\u5dba\u5357\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u5712\uff0c\u8208\u8d77\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u6d88\u4ea1\u4ea6\u5feb\uff0c\u524d\u5f8c\u4e09\u5341\u9918\u5e74\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u627c\u8155\u6b4e\u606f\u3002\u4ead\u5eca\u53f0\u69ad\uff0c\u82b1\u6728\u6c34\u77f3\uff0c\u767e\u5e74\u5149\u9670\uff0c\u8569\u7136\u7121\u5b58\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u4e5f\u96e3\u4ee5\u78ba\u6307\uff0c\u66f4\u5984\u8ad6\u5176\u5360\u5730\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u4e8c\u3001\u4eca\u4eba\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u8003\u8b49<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u76ee\u524d\u5b78\u754c\u95dc\u65bc\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u8003\u8b49\u7814\u7a76\u9817\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u773e\u8aaa\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u4e14\u7591\u9ede\u91cd\u91cd\u3002\u8f03\u65e9\u4e14\u5168\u9762\u7684\u6709<\/span>1960<\/span>\u5e74\u9ece\u601d\u8907\u3001\u913a\u9707\u7403\u6240\u5beb\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u8354\u679d\u7063\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8a73\u7d30\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6545\u5740\u65e5\u5f8c\u7684\u6f14\u8b8a\uff0c\u4e26\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\u201c\u5ee3\u88a4\u5341\u6578\u91cc\u201d\u3002\u672c\u6587\u6210\u70ba\u6b64\u5f8c\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u7814\u7a76\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u6feb\u89f4\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\u902e\u665a\u6e05\u9053\u5149\u54b8\u8c50\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u7cb5\u4eba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u4ee5\u8fa6\u9e7d\u779e\u7a05\u767c\u8de1\uff0c\u8c6a\u83ef\u5962\u4f88\uff0c\u6975\u4e8e\u4e00\u6642\uff0c\u7bc9\u5712\u6797\u5225\u5885\u65bc\u8354\u7063\u5730\u5340\u3002\u5360\u5730\u751a\u5ee3\uff0c\u6c34\u5ee3\u5712\u5bec\u3002\u4eca\u4e4b\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\u5c3e\uff0c\u6069\u752f\u6a4b\u9f8d\u6d25\u897f\u8def\u4ee5\u8a16\uff0c\u6cee\u5858\u4ec1\u5a01\u5edf\u53ca\u6642\u654f\u8def\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5df2\u88ab\u4f75\u5165\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\uff09\u4ee5\u81f3\u7cb5\u6f22\u9435\u8def\u508d\u7b49\u8655\uff0c\u5747\u70ba\u5176\u5712\u5740\u2026\u2026\u5f8c\u4ee5\u5176\u5927\u91cf\u8ca9\u8ce3\u79c1\u9e7d\uff0c\u96b1\u779e\u570b\u7a05\uff0c\u85c9\u5176\u5bb6\u5165\u5b98\u3002\u6545\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6f38\u6f14\u8b8a\u70ba\u5289\u5712\u3001\u5f6d\u5712\u3001\u6de9\u5712\u3001\u8354\u9999\u5712\u7b49\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u2026\u2026\u6f58\u6c0f\u7c4d\u6c92\u5f8c\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u5efa\u7bc9\u8d77\u4f86\u7684\u662f\u5289\u5712\u2026\u2026\u5712\u5740\u5373\u4eca\u4e4b\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u6c11\u91ab\u9662\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5373\u4eca\u5ee3\u5dde\u91ab\u5b78\u9662\u7b2c\u4e09\u9644\u5c6c\u91ab\u9662\uff09\u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u5e36\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5289\u5712\u662f\u7e7c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\uff0c\u8fe8\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u56db\u5206\u4e94\u88c2\u5f8c\u5206\u70ba\u201c\u5f6d\u5712\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6de9\u5712\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8354\u9999\u5712\u201d\u3001\u201c\u9673\u5ec9\u4f2f\u5927\u5ec8\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u201d\u3001\u201c\u975c\u5712\u201d\u3001\u201c\u590f\u845b\u91ab\u79d1\u5927\u5b78\u201d\u3001\u201c\u7aef\u62ff\u8b77\u58eb\u5b78\u6821\u201d\u3001\u201c\u67d4\u6fdf\u91ab\u9662\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8def\u5f97\u5b78\u6821\u201d\u3001\u201c\u5764\u7dad\u5973\u5b50\u4e2d\u5b78\u201d\u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/span>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1964<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9f94\u5fd7\u938f\u4f5c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u897f\u95dc\u58eb\u7d33\u548c\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u300b\uff0c\u7f85\u5217\u4e86\u4e00\u773e\u897f\u95dc\u58eb\u7d33\u7684\u5c45\u8655\uff1a\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u201c\u6f58\u6c0f\u4f4f\u984f\u5bb6\u5df7\u53ca\u9023\u6176\u6a4b\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d<\/span>[3]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u984f\u5bb6\u5df7\u70ba\u4e00\u9577\u7d04<\/span>90<\/span>\u7c73\u7684\u6771\u897f\u5411\u5167\u8857\uff0c\u5728\u84ec\u840a\u8def\u6771\u5317\u5074\uff0c\u9023\u6176\u6a4b\u672a\u67e5\u5230\u5177\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u7591\u8aa4\u3002\u6839\u64da<\/span>1835<\/span>\u5e74\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.1<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u984f\u5bb6\u5df7\u8655\u65bc\u57ce\u9109\u7d50\u5408\u90e8\uff0c\u5f80\u6771\u662f\u4eba\u7159\u7a20\u5bc6\u7684\u897f\u95dc\u5546\u5708\uff0c\u5f80\u897f\u662f\u6f01\u821f\u5531\u665a\u7684\u8354\u6797\u8377\u7530\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1986<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u4f59\u632f\u9a36\u5728\u300a\u8354\u679d\u7063\u7c21\u8ff0\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u9f94\u6587\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u5f80\u6771\u79fb\u81f3\u4e86\u6c11\u5c45\u9c57\u6b21\u3001\u5e02\u5edb\u6adb\u6bd4\u7684\u5341\u516b\u752b\u3002\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u201c\u5176\u5e9c\u7b2c\u5728\u5341\u516b\u752b\u9644\u8fd1\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u662f\u5176\u82e6\u5fc3\u7d93\u71df\u7684\u4e00\u6240\u5712\u6797\u5f0f\u5927\u5225\u5885\uff0c\u5167\u6709\u5927\u5927\u5c0f\u5c0f\u5404\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u4ead\u53f0\u6c34\u69ad\u2026\u2026\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u9084\u6709\u8449\u6c0f\u7684\u2018\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u2019\uff0c\u4f46\u898f\u6a21\u9060\u9060\u4e0d\u53ca\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u3002\u4ee5\u5f8c\u5f9e\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u820a\u5740\u4e0a\u65b0\u5efa\u7684\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u5148\u6709\u5f6d\u5149\u6e5b\u7684\u5f6d\u5712\u548c\u9673\u82b1\u90a8\u7684\u8354\u9999\u5712\uff0c\u9644\u8fd1\u53c8\u6709\u9ec3\u6c0f\u7684<\/span>\u2018<\/span>\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b<\/span>\u2019<\/span>\uff08\u8a72\u9f4b\u5c1a\u5b58\u4f46\u5df2\u6210\u5225\u7528\uff09\u201d\u3002<\/span>[4]<\/span><\/span>\u5f6d\u5712\u3001\u8354\u9999\u5712\u3001\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\uff0c\u5206\u4f48\u5728\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u8207\u5341\u516b\u752b\u7684\u76f4\u7dda\u8ddd\u96e2\u5728<\/span>1.5<\/span>\u516c\u91cc\uff0c\u7a31\u4e0d\u4e0a\u662f\u201c\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u9644\u8fd1\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u9032\u5165\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u55ae\u7368\u4ecb\u7d39\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u5c08\u7a3f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5176\u90e8\u5206\u7d50\u8ad6\u5f71\u97ff\u53ca\u4eca\u3002<\/span>1991<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6f58\u5ee3\u6176\u65bc\u300a\u7368\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u897f\u95dc\u5927\u5c4b\u300b\u8a18\u53ca\u897f\u95dc\u5927\u5c4b\u7684\u5206\u4f48\uff0c\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5728\u5341\u516b\u752b\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4f5c\u4e86\u8868\u8ff0\uff0c\u201c\u5341\u516b\u752b\u5bcc\u5584\u5730\u5340\u3002\u611b\u80b2\u65b0\u8857\u66fe\u6709\u2018\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u2019\u4e3b\u4eba\u6f58\u4ed5\u8aa0\u6545\u5b85\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u897f\u95dc\u5927\u6236\u4e5f\u5efa\u5b85\u5728\u5176\u9593\u201d<\/span>[5]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5341\u516b\u752b\u4ecd\u5b58\u611b\u80b2\u897f\u8857\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u67e5\u5230\u611b\u80b2\u65b0\u8857\uff0c\u7591\u8aa4\u3002<\/span>1996<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9ec3\u6f22\u7db1\u8457\u6709\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6587\u7269\u67e5\u8a2a\u8a18\u300b\u4e00\u6587\uff0c\u5728\u9f94\u5fd7\u938f\u7684\u8a18\u9304\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u88dc\u8ff0\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u65bc\u4eca\u5929\u8354\u7063\u5340\u984f\u5bb6\u5df7\u81f3\u9023\u6176\u6a4b\u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u9762\u7a4d\u6578\u767e\u755d\u201d<\/span>[6]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u9673\u4ee5\u6c9b\u3001\u9673\u79c0\u745b\u5408\u8457\u7684\u300a\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u8207\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u77f3\u523b\u300b\uff0c\u8a73\u7d30\u5730\u5217\u51fa\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u50b3\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7684\u5341\u500b\u6545\u5740\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u65bc\u7f3a\u4e4f\u53f2\u6599\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u4e2d\u672a\u6709\u78ba\u5b9a\u6545\u5740\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6cee\u5858\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u5ba3\u7d71\u5e74\u300a\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u201c\u96dc\u9304\u201d\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u897f\u9580\u5916\u6cee\u5858\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u5ba3\u7d71\u5e74\u300a\u756a\u79ba\u7e23\u7e8c\u5fd7\u300b\u201c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u50b3\u201d\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u4e09\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u57ce\u897f\uff08\u5357\u6f22\uff09\u660c\u83ef\u5bae\u82d1\u820a\u5740\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u81fa\u7063\u795d\u79c0\u4fe0\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8207\u6e05\u6689\u5712\u300b\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u56db\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u6cee\u5858\u8354\u679d\u7063\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u6587\u7269\u5fd7\u300b\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53e2\u5e16\u77f3\u523b\u201d\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u4e94\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u897f\u95dc\u5916\u5bf6\u73e0\u70ae\u81fa\u897f\u5357\u3002\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\uff08\u898b\u65b0\u300a\u756a\u79ba\u7e23\u4eba\u7269\u5fd7\u300b\u201c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u201d\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u516d\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\uff08\u4eca\u65e5\uff09\u8354\u7063\u984f\u5bb6\u5df7\u81f3\u84ee\u6176\u6a4b\u4e00\u5e36\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u300a\u7f8a\u57ce\u4eca\u53e4\u300b\u674e\u96f2\u7a40\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u76db\u8870\u8208\u5ee2\u300b\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u4e03\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8354\u7063\u4e4b\u897f\uff0c\u5373\u4eca\u5e02\u4e8c\u4eba\u6c11\u91ab\u9662\u53ca\u5c0d\u5cb8\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7247\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u570b\u6642\u671f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8354\u9999\u5712\u3001\u5f6d\u5712\u3001\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u7b49\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u201d<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\uff08\u898b\u8354\u7063\u6587\u53f2\u96c6\u9ad4\u5275\u4f5c\u5ba4\u7de8\u7684\u300a\u8354\u7063\u6587\u53f2\u300b\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u516b\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u8354\u679d\u7063\u982d\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u81fa\u7063\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u6587\u737b\u300b\u300a\u8354\u679d\u7063\u9577\u61b6\u300b\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u4e5d\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\uff0c\u5373\u539f\u6642\u654f\u8def\u6bb5\u5167\uff0c\u6069\u752f\u8def\u4ee5\u897f\uff0c\u84ec\u840a\u8def\u4ee5\u5317\uff0c\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u9053\u4ee5\u6771\u4e00\u5e36\u3002\u201d\uff08\u898b\u300a\u8354\u7063\u6587\u53f2\u300b\u300a\u8354\u679d\u7063\u53f2\u8a71\u300b\uff09\uff1b\uff08\u5341\uff09\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4eca\u6cee\u6eaa\u9152\u5bb6\u4e00\u5e36\u5730\u65b9\u3002\u201d\uff08\u8a2a\u6cee\u6eaa\u9152\u5bb6\u8ca0\u8cac\u4eba\u7684\u56de\u7b54\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e0a\u8ff0\u5341\u7a2e\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u8857\u574a\u7236\u8001\u76f8\u50b3\u3001\u53f2\u5fd7\u5b78\u8005\u898b\u89e3\u548c\u65e9\u5e74\u53f2\u5be6\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u7121\u4f9d\u64da\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u56e0\u9019\u4e9b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u90fd\u7f3a\u5c11\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u5468\u6cbf\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e0d\u6e05\u3002\u52a0\u4e0a\u539f\u9928\u5712\u7684\u5730\u4e0a\u6587\u7269\u5df2\u7121\u5f71\u7121\u8e64\uff0c\u5730\u4e0b\u907a\u7269\u672a\u6709\u8003\u53e4\u8005\u767c\u73fe\u548c\u62ab\u9732\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8981\u5c07\u7576\u5e74\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5468\u908a\u7684\u5730\u754c\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u52a0\u4ee5\u8ad6\u8b49\u78ba\u8a8d\uff0c\u4ecd\u6709\u5f85\u6df1\u5165\u8abf\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u4e5f\u671f\u5f85\u8b58\u8005\u4e88\u4ee5\u6307\u6559\u3002<\/span>[7]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1997<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u3001\u66fe\u61b2\u73ca\u7d50\u5408\u53e4\u6587\u737b\u3001\u53e4\u5730\u5716\u63a8\u6572\uff0c\u5beb\u4e0b\u300a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c0f\u8b70\u300b\uff0c\u56de\u61c9\u8b80\u8005\u5c0d\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6b77\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u9644\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>2.1<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u201c\u628a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7e6a\u5728\u6cee\u5858\u897f\u5357\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u932f\u898b\u7591\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u63a8\u6572\u51fa\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u201c\u7d04\u70ba<\/span>7<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u4ee5\u4e0a\u201d<\/span>[8]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1998<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u6545\u5740\u53ca\u9762\u7a4d\u4f5c\u4e86\u6df1\u5165\u800c\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u8003\u8b49\uff1a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u7576\u5305\u62ec\u4eca\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u4e4b\u897f\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u9022\u6176\u5927\u8857\u4ee5\u5317\uff0c\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u9053\u4ee5\u6771\uff0c\u9f8d\u6d25\u897f\u8def\u4ee5\u897f\u3002\u800c\u4eca\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u5247\u4e0d\u80fd\u80af\u5b9a\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u820a\u5740\u4e4b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u3002\u5c31\u9019\u4e00\u7247\u5340\u57df\u4e4b\u5ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u8207\u4eca\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u76f8\u4f2f\u4ef2\uff0c\u7a31\u5f97\u4e0a\u8f9f\u5730\u6578\u767e\u755d\u4e86\u201d<\/span>[9]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u9673\u6c0f\u5728<\/span>2018<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8003\u300b<\/span>[10]<\/span><\/span>\u4ea6\u4ecd\u7528\u5176\u65bc\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u524d\u300a\u5357\u570b\u540d\u5712<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\u7684\u820a\u8aaa\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u540d\u5712\u62fe\u8403\u300b\u51fa\u7248\u65bc<\/span>1999<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u8a18\u9304\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u5c08\u8457\uff0c\u6558\u53ca\u6545\u5740\uff0c<\/span>“<\/span>\u5c0d\u65bc\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u539f\u5740\u5728\u8354\u679d\u7063\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u9817\u591a\u722d\u8b70\u201d\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u300a\u5357\u570b\u540d\u5712<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u201d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u539f\u5740\u61c9\u5305\u62ec\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u7684\u897f\u5357\u9762\u4e26\u5411\u897f\u64f4\u5927\u81f3\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u9053\u4ee5\u897f\u7684\u73e0\u6c5f\u908a\uff0c\u5357\u908a\u81f3\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\u4ee5\u5357\u660c\u83ef\u6a6b\u548c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4eba\u6c11\u91ab\u9662\u9644\u8fd1\u4e00\u5e36\u201d<\/span>[11]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u6709\u8a18\u8ff0\u9762\u7a4d\u3002\u660c\u83ef\u6a6b\u70ba\u4e00\u9577\u7d04<\/span>220<\/span>\u7c73\u7684\u5167\u8857\uff0c\u5317\u63a5\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\uff0c\u5357\u62b5\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\uff0c\u82e5\u4ee5\u5357\u5317\u5411\u7684\u660c\u83ef\u6a6b\u70ba\u5357\u7aef\u754c\u9650\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u6b20\u7f3a\u56b4\u8b39\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5343\u79a7\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u591a\u70ba\u6587\u53f2\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u5343\u79a7\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u5341\u5e74\u9593\uff0c\u5efa\u7bc9\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u7684\u53c3\u8207\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7d0d\u5165\u4e86\u5efa\u7bc9\u53f2\u3001\u5712\u6797\u53f2\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/span>2000<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5433\u6176\u6d32\u5728\u300a\u5357\u7cb5\u5712\u6797\u4e4b\u51a0\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u8003\u8b49\uff1a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u9078\u5740\u5728\u8354\u679d\u7063\u2026\u2026\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7e3d\u9762\u7a4d\u7d04<\/span>12<\/span>\u516c\u9803\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u5176\u7bc4\u570d\u7d04\u5357\u81f3\u84ec\u840a\u8def\uff0c\u5317\u81f3\u6cee\u5858\uff0c\u6771\u81f3\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\uff0c\u897f\u81f3\u73e0\u6c5f\u908a\u201d<\/span>[12]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span>2003<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u5c07\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6b78\u985e\u65bc\u884c\u5546\u5ead\u5712\uff0c\u4e8e\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u884c\u5546\u5ead\u5712\u300b\u4f5c\u4e86\u627c\u8981\u7684\u6982\u8ff0\uff1a\u201c\u5176\u907a\u5740\u5728\u4eca\u8354\u7063\u516c\u5712\u897f\u5357\u90e8\u81f3\u73e0\u6c5f\u6771\u5cb8\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u7bc4\u570d\u9054\u7d04<\/span>40hm2<\/sup><\/span>\u201d<\/span>[13]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u4ee5<\/span>1908<\/span>\u5e74\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u70ba\u5e95\u5716\uff0c\u6a19\u793a\u4e86\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5728\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u4e00\u5e36\u5927\u81f4\u7bc4\u570d\uff08\u5716<\/span>2.2<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span>\u00a02008<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9678\u7426\u64b0\u5beb\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u7565\u8a18\u70ba\u4f4d\u65bc\u201c\u5ee3\u5dde\u897f\u95dc\u8354\u679d\u7063\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u6797\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\u7d04<\/span>12<\/span>\u516c\u9803\u201d<\/span>[14]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
2013<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9ad8\u5289\u6fe4\u8457\u6709\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u300a\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201c\u4f4d\u65bc\u73e0\u6c5f\u53e3\u201d<\/span>[15]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u542b\u7cca\uff0c\u9644<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u820a\u5740\uff08\u4eca\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\uff09\u201d<\/span>\u5716\uff0c\u5716\u4e2d\u4ea6\u672a\u660e\u78ba\u6a19\u793a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u6240\u5728\u53ca\u7e6a\u756b\u908a\u754c\u7dda\u3002<\/span>2018<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8a31\u79ae\u5e73\u65bc\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53ca<\/span><<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716<\/span>><\/span>\u300b\u8a18\u53ca\uff0c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u201c\u7bc9\u5712\u6797\u5225\u5885\u65bc\u6cee\u5858\u5730\u5340\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u5341\u591a\u91cc\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\u5c3e\u53ca\u6069\u5be7\u6a4b\u4ee5\u81f3\u6cee\u5858\u4ec1\u5a01\u5edf\u90fd\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5712\u5740\u201d<\/span>[16]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c31\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u3001\u5433\u6176\u6d32\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u7e6a\u756b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u793a\u610f\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>2.3<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e26\u7d50\u5408\u66fe\u7d39\u74bf\u53ca\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u7684\u6545\u5740\u793a\u610f\u5716\uff0c\u7d9c\u4e0a\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u6838\u5fc3\u5728\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u897f\u5357\u90e8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5411\u6771\u8de8\u8d8a\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u81f3\u9f8d\u5efa\u897f\u8def\u3001\u5411\u897f\u7015\u81e8\u73e0\u6c5f\u908a\u7684\u5ee3\u95ca\u7bc4\u570d\u3002<\/span>\u200d<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>2.1\u00a0<\/span>\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u6240\u7e6a\u6545\u5740\u793a\u610f\u5716
\n<\/span>\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u70ba\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u57162.2 \u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u6240\u7e6a\u6545\u5740\u793a\u610f\u5716
\n<\/span>\u5de6\u65b9\u865b\u7dda\u70ba\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7bc4\u570d<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>2.3\u00a0<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7bc4\u570d\u793a\u610f\u5716\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u88fd\u5716\uff09
\n<\/span>\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\uff08\u7d05\u8272\u865b\u7dda\u7bc4\u570d<\/span>\uff09
\n<\/span>\u5433\u6176\u6d32\uff08\u7da0\u8272\u9ede\u5283\u7dda\u7bc4\u570d\uff09<\/span><\/section>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u80fd\u5426\u8de8\u8d8a\u6cb3\u6d8c\u4fee\u7bc9\uff1f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5712\u6797\u4e4b\u8a2d\uff0c\u5ba4\u5eec\u82b1\u6728\u3001\u6c34\u77f3\u79bd\u9b5a\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u3002\u6c34\u4e8e\u5712\u6797\u7336\u5982\u8840\u8108\uff0c\u56e0\u6c34\u6210\u5712\uff0c\u7121\u6c34\u4e0d\u5712\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u5bc6\u4f48\u4e8e\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u897f\uff0c\u7fa9\u6210\u884c\u884c\u5546\u8449\u4e0a\u6797\u59cb\u7bc9\u7684\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\uff0c\u6cf0\u548c\u884c\u884c\u5546\u984f\u6642\u745b\u4fee\u7bc9\u7684\u78ca\u5712\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u897f\u95dc\uff1b\u6021\u548c\u884c\u884c\u5546\u4f0d\u79c9\u9452\u5f8c\u4eba\u6240\u64c1\u6709\u7684\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u3001\u540c\u6587\u884c\u884c\u5546\u6f58\u632f\u627f\u5152\u5b50\u6f58\u6709\u70ba\u6240\u7bc9\u7684\u516d\u677e\u5712\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u82b1\u5730\u3002\u897f\u95dc\u4f4d\u65bc\u73e0\u6c5f\u4e4b\u5317\uff0c\u82b1\u5730\u4f4d\u65bc\u73e0\u6c5f\u4e4b\u5357\uff0c\u5169\u5730\u5747\u662f\u5dba\u5357\u6c34\u9109\u6fd5\u5730\u666f\u89c0\uff0c\u5167\u6cb3\u5916\u6c5f\uff0c\u6c34\u7db2\u7e31\u6a6b\uff0c\u8fc2\u56de\u7e08\u7e5e\uff0c\u56db\u901a\u516b\u9054\u3002\u66a2\u901a\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4fbf\u5229\u8ca8\u8239\u5f80\u8fd4\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u6d41\u901a\u4fbf\u6377\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u5ee3\u5dde\u5546\u696d\u7e41\u69ae\uff1b\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u884c\u6d2a\u9806\u66a2\uff0c\u6e1b\u8f15\u6c34\u6df9\u4e4b\u707d\uff0c\u7dad\u7e6b\u5712\u5c45\u751f\u6d3b\u5b89\u5b9a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5c0d\u65bc\u6cb3\u9053\u66a2\u901a\u7684\u91cd\u8996\uff0c\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u591a\u6b21\u767c\u4f48\u76f8\u95dc\u7981\u4ee4\u3002\u6e05\u4e7e\u9686\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1746<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u6236\u90e8\u8b70\uff1a\u5b98\u5730\u6c11\u696d\uff0c\u51e1\u6709\u95dc\u65bc\u6c34\u9053\u8005\uff0c\u6982\u6bcb\u8a31\u58be\u7a2e\u3002\u5982\u81ea\u6043\u5df1\u696d\uff0c\u79c1\u5c07\u6c60\u5858\u9642\u6fa4\u6539\u58be\u70ba\u7530\u6709\u7919\u4ed6\u8655\u6c11\u7530\u8005\uff0c\u5bdf\u51fa\u61f2\u6cbb\u3002\u201d<\/span>[18]<\/span><\/span>\u53c8\u5982\u6236\u90e8\u76f8\u95dc\u66f4\u70ba\u8a73\u7d30\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u7981\u4ee4\uff0c\u201c\u51e1\u9642\u6fa4\u6c60\u5858\uff0c\u4f46\u95dc\u6c34\u9053\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5b98\u5730\u3001\u6c11\u696d\uff0c\u6982\u7981\u958b\u58be\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u5984\u5831\u5347\u79d1\u8005\u6cbb\u7f6a\uff0c\u8a72\u7ba1\u5b98\u6feb\u807d\u8005\u8b70\u8655\u3002\u7015\u81e8\u6c5f\u6d77\u6cb3\u6c99\u6f32\u5730\u755d\u5982\u6709\u963b\u904f\u6c34\u9053\uff0c\u81f4\u7919\u5824\u5de5\u8655\u6240\uff0c\u6bcb\u8a31\u79c1\u884c\u958b\u58be\u3002\u5018\u6726\u6df7\u5831\u7a2e\u5347\u79d1\u91c0\u6210\u6c34\u60a3\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u5831\u7a2e\u4e4b\u4eba\u67e5\u6284\u6cbb\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e26\u5c07\u7387\u884c\u8a73\u984c\u5404\u5b98\u4e00\u4f75\u5f9e\u56b4\u8b70\u8655\u3002\u201d<\/span>[19]<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u904e\u5404\u7d1a\u5b98\u54e1\u5c0d\u7981\u4ee4\u7684\u8cab\u5fb9\u57f7\u884c\uff0c\u529b\u5716\u6e1b\u5c11\u4eba\u70ba\u4fb5\u4f54\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u6cb3\u5824\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u5c07\u6cb3\u9053\u5169\u5cb8\u6d2a\u6f87\u9020\u6210\u7684\u707d\u5bb3\u964d\u81f3\u4f4e\u9ede\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u884c\u5546\u7d1b\u7d1b\u5728\u57ce\u897f\u71df\u9020\u5712\u6797\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u5c0d\u5916\u8cbf\u6613\u5927\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u4e86\u897f\u95dc\u4e00\u5e36\u5546\u8cbf\u983b\u7e41\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5f97\u4eba\u53e3\u805a\u96c6\uff0c\u6cbf\u6cb3\u50ed\u5efa\u5c45\u5c4b\uff0c\u9020\u6210\u6cb3\u9053\u6de4\u5835\u3002<\/span>1810<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u9032\u58eb\u4f55\u592a\u6e05\u806f\u5408\u6f58\u76e7\u4f0d\u8449\u56db\u5927\u884c\u5546\u53ca\u5404\u7d33\u5546\uff0c\u7c4c\u6b3e\u91cd\u6d5a\u897f\u95dc\u6fe0\u6d8c\uff0c\u201c\u4e26\u5c07\u6cbf\u6fe0\u5404\u6a4b\u6982\u884c\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u4ffe\u901a\u821f\u696b\u201d<\/span>[20]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5de5\u7a0b\u7ae3\u5de5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6210\u7acb\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\uff0c\u9644\u8a2d\u65bc\u65b0\u5275\u5efa\u7684\u516c\u76ca\u6027\u6a5f\u69cb\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\uff0c\u5c08\u8cac\u7c4c\u6b3e\uff0c\u6e05\u7406\u6fe0\u6e20\u3002<\/span>1882<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\u767c\u51fa\u6587\u544a\uff0c\u201c\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\u4e8e\u9053\u5149\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1837<\/span>\uff09\u5949\u524d\u7e23\u61b2\u793a\uff1a\u55e3\u5f8c\u6c34\u6fe0\u754c\u5167\u4e0d\u5f97\u5360\u7bc9\u642d\u84cb\uff0c\u81f4\u7919\u6c34\u9053\uff0c\u5982\u6709\u6545\u9055\uff0c\u5373\u884c\u6bc0\u62c6\u5404\u7b49\u56e0\u3002\u7d93\u76e3\u754c\uff0c\u6fe0\u908a\u6cd0\u77f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u5782\u7981\u5b9c\uff0c\u4f55\u5982\u606a\u5b88\uff0c\u5180\u6c38\u60a3\u7121\u865e\u3002\u201d<\/span>[21]<\/span><\/span>\u901a\u904e\u8b66\u793a\u8857\u574a\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6c34\u60a3\u91cd\u8e48\u8986\u8f4d\u3002<\/span>\u5168\u6587\u88ab\u523b\u65bc\u77f3\u7891\u516c\u793a\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4eca\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u898b\u7684<\/span>\u300a\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\u7891\u300b\uff0c<\/span>\u73fe\u7891\u7acb\u4e8e\u6069\u752f\u8def\u5409\u7965\u574a\u5167\u7684\u4e0b\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u652f\u6d41\u5927\u5730\u6d8c\u65c1\uff08\u5716<\/span>3.1<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\uff0c\u4f5b\u5c71\u8207\u897f\u95dc\uff0c\u540c\u5c6c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e9c\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u3002\u7701\u57ce\u7d93\u6fdf\u7684\u9a30\u98db\uff0c\u5e36\u52d5\u4f5b\u5c71\u624b\u5de5\u696d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8208\u65fa\uff0c\u4e26\u6210\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u56db\u5927\u540d\u93ae\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4f5b\u5c71\u6cb3\u7db2\uff0c\u4e5f\u9762\u81e8\u8207\u7701\u57ce\u897f\u95dc\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\u58c5\u585e\uff0c\u6c11\u5c45\u5360\u7bc9\u65e5\u5ee3\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u6cb3\u6d41\u5982\u7dda\u3002\u540c\u5149\u5e74\u9593\uff08<\/span>1861<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1908<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4f5b\u5c71\u7d33\u5546\u4eff\u6548\u897f\u95dc\u7684\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\uff0c\u8a2d\u7acb\u6e05\u6cb3\u516c\u6240\uff08\u4ea6\u540d\uff1a\u6e05\u6cb3\u5c40\uff09\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b98\u65b9\u696d\u6b0a\u7684\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u91cd\u6d5a\u5b98\u6cb3\u6545\u9053\uff0c\u91cf\u660e\u5b98\u6cb3\u4e08\u5c3a\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u6cb3\u9053\u5169\u5cb8\u8c4e\u7acb\u754c\u6759\uff0c\u523b\u6709\u201c\u5b98\u6cb3\u754c\u5167\u6c38\u7981\u5360\u7bc9\u201d<\/span>[22]<\/span><\/span>\u5b57\u6a23\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6cb3\u9053\u901a\u66a2\uff0c\u5e38\u5e74\u53ef\u4ee5\u884c\u8239\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u79c1\u5360\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u5f15\u8d77\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u3002\u5982\u4f5b\u5c71\uff0c\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u4e03\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1881<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u201c\u7d93\u59d4\u54e1\u524d\u7f72\u756a\u79ba\u7e23\u8881\u7956\u5b89\u6703\u540c\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u675c\u9cf3\u6cbb\u52d8\u4e08\u660e\u78ba\uff0c\u9673\u6cbb\u83ef\u8b19\u8c6b\u76ca\u5e97\u59d4\u6709\u4fb5\u4f54\u5b98\u6cb3\u60c5\u4e8b\uff0c\u65b7\u4ee4\u5c07\u92ea\u5f8c\u5730\u57fa\u914c\u70ba\u6bc0\u62c6\u201d<\/span>[23]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u5982\u5ee3\u5dde\u6cb3\u5357\uff0c\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u4e8c\u5341\u4e5d\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1903<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7acb\u7891\u300a\u7981\u5360\u5b98\u6d8c\u7891\u8a18\u300b\u65bc\u5408\u6d41\u6d25\uff0c\u660e\u4ee4\u7981\u6b62\u4f54\u7528\u5b98\u6d8c\uff08\u5373\u99ac\u6d8c\uff09\uff0c\u5f71\u97ff\u4f86\u5f80\u821f\u696b\u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u548c\u6cbf\u5cb8\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u9055\u8005\u7576\u773e\u8cac\u7f70\u4e0d\u8cb8\u3002\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6c92\u843d\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u4fee\u5efa\u65bc\u8354\u679d\u7063\u4e00\u5e36\u7684\u5289\u5712\uff0c\u5712\u4e3b\u5289\u5b78\u8a62\uff08<\/span>1855<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1935<\/span>\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u6539\u52d5\u6cb3\u9053\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u5169\u5ee3\u7e3d\u7763<\/span>\u5c91\u6625\u714a\uff08<\/span>1861<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1933<\/span>\uff09\u61f2\u6cbb\uff0c\u7d04\u5728<\/span>1903<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1907\u00a0<\/span>\u5e74\u9593\uff0c<\/span>\u201c\u7576\u5e74\u5289\u5b78\u8a62\u8207\u5c91\u6625\u714a\u6709\u9699\u3002\u5c91\u6307\u5289\u5b78\u8a62\u66fe\u5728\u5289\u5712\u2018\u64c5\u6539\u5b98\u5730\u6c34\u6e90\u2019\uff0c\u594f\u51c6\u9769\u53bb\u5289\u6c0f\u529f\u540d\u201d<\/span>[24]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u57163.1 \u300a\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u6e05\u6fe0\u516c\u6240\u7891\u300b\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u62cd\u651d\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>3.2\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u897f\u95dc\u6cb3\u6d8c
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5e95\u5716\uff1a<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u7cb5\u6771\u7701\u57ce\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u88fd\u5716\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u901a\u904e\u4eca\u4eba\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u8003\u8b49\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u7bc4\u570d\u5728\u57ce\u897f\u8354\u679d\u7063\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u5bc6\u4f48\u6709<\/span>\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u3001\u4e0b\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u3001\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d8c\u3001\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u56db\u689d\u4e3b\u6d8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u9023\u7684\u652f\u6d41\uff08\u5716<\/span>3.2<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5f4e\u66f2\u5bc6\u531d\uff0c<\/span>\u9b25\u6298\u86c7\u884c\uff0c\u8207\u6cbf\u5cb8\u7684\u8377\u5858\u53ca\u5cb8\u57fa\u7684\u8354\u6797\uff0c\u69cb\u6210\u4e00\u5e45\u5e45\u5982\u8a69\u5982\u756b\u7684\u6c34\u9109\u7f8e\u666f<\/span>\u3002\u5f9e<\/span>\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u6240\u6a19\u793a\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7bc4\u570d\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u9700\u8981\u8de8\u8d8a\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u5169\u5cb8\uff1b\u6839\u64da\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u7684\u8003\u8b49\uff0c<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\u5247\u9700\u8981\u8de8\u8d8a\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u3001\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d8c\u3001\u4e0b\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c<\/span>\uff1b\u901a\u904e<\/span>\u9ece\u601d\u8907\u3001\u913a\u9707\u7403\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c\u5357\u5f9e\u591a\u5bf6\u8def\u5c3e\uff0c\u5317\u9054\u4ec1\u5a01\u5edf\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u8de8\u8d8a\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u3001\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\uff0c\u66f4\u9700\u8981\u5c07\u4ec1\u5a01\u5edf\u5357\u5247\u6709\u8457\u8d85\u904e\u4e5d\u767e\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6cee\u5858\u6751\u56ca\u62ec\u5176\u4e2d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5f9e\u4ea4\u901a\u5c64\u9762\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u897f\u4e3b\u8981\u6cb3\u6d8c\u662f\u5357\u4f86\u5317\u5f80\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6c34\u8def\u3002\u5728\u6e05\u4ee3\u7d93\u6fdf\u6587\u5316\u767c\u9054\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u4e00\u822c\u90fd\u6709\u4f9d\u8a17\u57ce\u9109\u6c34\u7cfb\u7684\u958b\u653e\u6027\u516c\u5171\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u5982\u5317\u4eac\u4ec0\u5239\u6d77\u3001\u676d\u5dde\u897f\u6e56\u3001\u6606\u660e\u7fe0\u6e56\u7b49\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u5e02\u6c11\u6e38\u61a9\u89c0\u5149\u3001\u6587\u4eba\u8a60\u541f\u8208\u6b4e\u7684\u7d55\u4f73\u53bb\u8655\u3002\u6709\u8457\u6df1\u539a\u6587\u5316\u7a4d\u6fb1\u7684\u57ce\u897f\u8354\u679d\u7063\u66f4\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5f9e\u5510\u4ee3\u8a69\u4eba\u66f9\u677e\u7559\u4e0b\u8cde\u8354\u4f73\u53e5\u59cb\uff0c\u8354\u679d\u7063\u4e00\u5e36\u7684\u6cb3\u6d8c\u6210\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u60a0\u4e45\u7684\u6c34\u4e0a\u904a\u89bd\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u6cbc\u6fa4\u6fd5\u5730\uff0c\u7530\u5712\u98a8\u5149\uff0c\u666f\u8272\u591a\u8b8a\uff0c\u904a\u8cde\u4e0d\u53ad\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c11\u570b\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u57ce\u4e2d\u9996\u9078\u7684\u904a\u8239\u907f\u6691\u52dd\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8354\u679d\u7063\u7554\u7684\u6cee\u5858\u6751\uff0c\u9f8d\u821f\u6587\u5316\u6700\u9072\u5728\u660e\u4ee3\u5df2\u6709\u50b3\u627f\uff0c\u6cee\u5858\u8001\u9f8d\u8207\u201c\u5951\u723a\u201d\u9e7d\u6b65\u8001\u9f8d\u7d50\u5951\u66f4\u662f\u8d85\u904e\u56db\u767e\u516d\u5341\u5e74\u6b77\u53f2\u3002\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u3001\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u4f5c\u70ba\u9f8d\u821f\u9032\u51fa\u73e0\u6c5f\u7684\u5fc5\u7d93\u6c34\u9053\uff0c\u65b0\u4fee\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u82e5\u8981\u4f54\u64da\u6cb3\u6d8c\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u59a8\u7919\u5404\u6c34\u9109\u6751\u843d\u6578\u767e\u5e74\u9f8d\u821f\u62db\u666f\u63a2\u89aa\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\u7fd2\u4fd7\uff0c\u89f8\u767c\u9109\u7d33\u7570\u8b70\u53ca\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u5f15\u4f86<\/span>\u6c11\u9593\u7cfe\u7d1b<\/span>\u3002\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1888<\/span>\uff09\u520a\u5370\u7684<\/span>\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u57ce\u5168\u5716\u2022\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u5730\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u9644\u5217\u4e86\u5f9e\u5916\u5730\u5230\u9054\u7701\u57ce\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u4e94\u689d\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u524d\u4e09\u689d\u662f\u6c34\u8def\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u6c34\u4e0a\u4ea4\u901a\u5c0d\u65bc\u51fa\u884c\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5728\u821f\u696b\u7576\u8eca\u7684\u6c34\u904b\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u904a\u8239\u8cde\u8354\uff0c\u6291\u6216\u662f\u9f8d\u821f\u7af6\u6e21\uff0c\u8354\u679d\u7063\u5167\u6cb3\u6c34\u8def\u5747\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u901a\u8862\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6cb3\u6d8c\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u7684\u4fb5\u4f54\uff0c\u90fd\u5c07\u6703\u5c0e\u81f4\u6c34\u8def\u4ea4\u901a\u7684\u963b\u65b7\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5f9e\u5dba\u5357\u56db\u5927\u540d\u5712\uff0c\u756a\u79ba\u4f59\u852d\u5c71\u623f\u3001\u4f5b\u5c71\u6881\u5712\u3001\u9806\u5fb7\u6e05\u6689\u5712\u3001\u6771\u839e\u53ef\u5712\uff0c\u4e43\u81f3\u6c5f\u5357\u56db\u5927\u540d\u5712\uff0c\u8607\u5dde\u62d9\u653f\u5712\u53ca\u7559\u5712\u3001\u5357\u4eac\u77bb\u5712\u3001\u7121\u932b\u5bc4\u66a2\u5712\uff0c\u5712\u6797\u8207\u6c34\u74b0\u5883\u76f8\u4e92\u5171\u878d\uff0c\u591a\u662f\u56e0\u501f\u81ea\u7136\u6c34\u666f\u800c\u5efa\u8a2d\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u6d3b\u6c34\u800c\u672a\u898b\u4f54\u64da\u6cb3\u9053\u3002\u82b1\u5730\u6771\u5712\uff0c\u70ba\u884c\u5546\u4e4b\u9996\u6f58\u632f\u627f\u6240\u7bc9\uff0c\u6700\u9072\u5df2\u65bc<\/span>1770<\/span>\u5e74\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u5f8c\u6b78\u540c\u70ba\u884c\u5546\u7684\u4f0d\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\uff0c\u6613\u540d\u70ba\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u3002\u8a69\u4eba\u5f35\u7dad\u5c4f\u8a69\u4f5c\u300a\u4e01\u5df3\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1857<\/span>\uff09\u4e09\u6708\u4e09\u65e5\uff0c\u4fde\u9e9f\u58eb\u5ec9\u8a2a\u6587\u8a54\u3001\u5b54\u61f7\u6c11\u4f8d\u8b80\u5ee3\u93de\u3001\u8a31\u661f\u53f0\u6c34\u90e8\u61c9\u9445\u3001\u7b60\u5eb5\u592a\u53f2\u61c9\u9a24\u3001\u4f0d\u852d\u4ead\u90ce\u4e2d\u9577\u6a3e\uff0c\u62db\u540c\u6f58\u5fb7\u4f58\u65b9\u4f2f\u4ed5\u6210\uff0c\u96c6\u99a5\u5712\u4fee\u798a\uff0c\u5373\u4e8b\u6709\u4f5c\u300b\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u4e3b\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u66fe\u5f80\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u53c3\u52a0\u5ee3\u5dde\u540d\u6d41\u7684\u96c5\u96c6\u76db\u6703\u3002\u5f9e\u7530\u8c6b\u7e6a\u756b\u7684\u300a\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>3.3<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u5712\u57a3\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u81ea\u6210\u4e00\u9ad4\uff0c\u5712\u57a3\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8207\u6c34\u76f8\u4f9d\u3002\u6f58\u4f0d\u5169\u4efb\u5712\u4e3b\uff0c\u5bcc\u7532\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u7684\u99a5\u852d\u5712\uff0c\u4ea6\u672a\u898b\u8de8\u8d8a\u6cb3\u9053\u4fee\u7bc9\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>3.3<\/span>\u300a\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u5716\u300b\u7530\u8c6b\u7e6a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8eab\u70ba\u5f8c\u8d77\u4e4b\u79c0\u7684\u884c\u5546\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4fee\u7bc9\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u9700\u8981\u8de8\u8d8a\u6216\u4f54\u64da<\/span>\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u3001\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u3001\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d8c\u3001\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u3001\u4e0b\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c<\/span>\u7b49\u4f5c\u70ba\u57ce\u897f\u91cd\u8981\u901a\u8862\u7684\u6cb3\u6d8c\uff1a<\/span>\u4e00\u3001\u9700\u8981\u898f\u907f\u570b\u5bb6\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ba1\u63a7\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001<\/span>\u9700\u8981\u53d7\u5230\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u57fa\u5c64\u81ea\u6cbb\u7684\u7d04\u675f\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u9700\u8981\u61c9\u5c0d\u5e02\u6c11\u53ca\u6cbf\u5cb8\u6751\u6c11\u7684\u963b\u6493<\/span>\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u4fee\u7bc9\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u5192\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5927\u4e0d\u97d9\u800c\u8de8\u8d8a\u6cb3\u6d8c\u5ee3\u5360\u5712\u5730\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u56db\u3001\u5f9e\u6e05\u4ee3\u756b\u4f5c\u770b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u8868\u73fe\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5168\u666f\u7684\u6e05\u4ee3\u756b\u4f5c\uff0c\u6d41\u50b3\u81f3\u4eca\u7684\u6709\u5169\u5e45\uff1a\u4e00\u70ba\u7530\u8c6b\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\uff0c\u73fe\u70ba\u8a31\u79ae\u5e73\u5148\u751f\u6536\u85cf\uff1b\u4e00\u70ba\u590f\u947e\uff08<\/span>1802<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1854<\/span>\uff09\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\uff0c\u73fe\u85cf\u4e8e\u5ee3\u5dde\u85dd\u8853\u535a\u7269\u9662\uff08\u524d\u8eab\u70ba\u5ee3\u5dde\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\uff09\u3002\u9019\u5169\u5e45\u756b\u4f5c\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u77ad\u89e3\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u5168\u8c8c\u53ca\u6545\u5740\u5468\u908a\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f4c\u8db3\u73cd\u8cb4\u7684\u5716\u50cf\u4f8b\u8b49\uff0c\u9817\u5177\u6b77\u53f2\u85dd\u8853\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>4.1<\/span>\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u7530\u8c6b\u7e6a<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u7530\u8c6b\uff0c\u5b57\u77f3\u53cb\uff0c\u56db\u5ddd\u4eba\uff0c\u6d41\u5bd3\u5ee3\u5dde\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u5728\u4f0d\u6c0f\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u5c45\u4f4f\uff0c\u7e6a\u6709\u300a\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u4ea6\u66fe\u4f5c\u70ba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u6e05\u5ba2\uff0c\u7e6a\u6709\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\u3002\u5728\u4fbf\u9762\u5de6\u4e0a\u65b9\u8a18\u53ca\u5712\u4e2d\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u201c\u8377\u82b1\u6df1\u8655\uff0c\u6241\u821f\u62b5\u7da0\u6c34\u6a13\u81fa\uff1b\u8354\u5b50\u9670\u4e2d\uff0c\u66f2\u5f91\u8d70\u7d05\u5875\u8eca\u9a0e\u201d<\/span>[25]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u7530\u8c6b\u66fe\u65bc<\/span>1846<\/span>\u5e74\u590f\u5b63\u5ba2\u5c45\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u756b\u4f5c\u8f03\u771f\u5be6\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u98a8\u8c8c\u3002\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u300a\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u5716\u300b\u5f9e\u5712\u5916\u5f80\u5167\u770b\u7684\u8996\u89d2\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\u5247\u662f\u5f9e\u5712\u5167\u5f80\u5916\u770b\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u5340\u9762\u7a4d\u4ea6\u8f03\u99a5\u852d\u5712\u70ba\u5ee3\u95ca\u3002\u5169\u5712\u7684\u9020\u5712\u7406\u5ff5\u6709\u8457\u4e00\u8108\u76f8\u627f\u7684\u6df5\u6e90\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5747\u70ba\u4f9d\u6cb3\u800c\u7bc9\u7684\u6c34\u666f\u5712\uff0c\u56e0\u6c34\u6210\u8da3\uff0c\u81e8\u6cb3\u4fee\u7bc9\u5712\u57a3\u4e26\u5f62\u6210\u5167\u90e8\u570d\u5408\uff1b\u5712\u57a3\u5167\u90e8\u672a\u898b\u8de8\u8d8a\u6cb3\u6d8c\u3001\u5712\u57a3\u5916\u90e8\u4ea6\u672a\u898b\u622a\u65b7\u6cb3\u6d8c\uff1b\u5712\u5167\u5747\u70ba\u5927\u9762\u7a4d\u6c34\u9ad4\uff0c\u5206\u5272\u70ba\u82e5\u5e72\u6e56\u5340\u3002\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\u4e2d\u6e05\u6670\u53ef\u898b\u7a2e\u690d\u6709\u8377\u82b1\uff0d\u4e00\u7a2e\u9069\u5408\u65bc\u6c60\u5858\u6e56\u7b49\u6dfa\u5e95\u975c\u614b\u6c34\u9ad4\u6216\u6d41\u901f\u7de9\u6162\u7684\u6cb3\u5cb8\u7684\u633a\u6c34\u690d\u7269\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u6d59\u6c5f\u4eba\u4fde\u6d35\u6176\u904a\u5e55\u5ee3\u6771\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u54b8\u8c50\u521d\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1851<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1861<\/span>\uff09\u5169\u904a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u5728\u540c\u6cbb\u7678\u9149\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1873<\/span>\uff09\u4e09\u6708\u518d\u53bb\u53c3\u89c0\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5df2\u8b8a\u8352\u856a\u3002\u4fde\u6c0f\u5728\u5176\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u8377\u5eca\u7b46\u8a18\u300b\u4e2d\u8a73\u7d30\u8a18\u9304\u6240\u898b\uff0c\u8332\u9304\u5176\u6587\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\u5712\u6709\u4e00\u5c71\uff0c\u7f54\u5761\u5cfb\u57a3\uff0c\u677e\u6a9c\u84ca\u851a\uff0c\u77f3\u5f91\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u62fe\u7d1a\u800c\u767b\u3002\u805e\u6b64\u5c71\u672c\u4e00\u9ad8\u961c\u8033\uff0c\u7576\u5275\u5efa\u65af\u5712\u6642\uff0c\u76f8\u5ea6\u5730\u52e2\uff0c\u64d4\u571f\u53d6\u77f3\uff0c\u58c5\u800c\u5d07\u4e4b\uff0c\u671d\u7159\u66ae\u96e8\u4e4b\u9918\uff0c\u513c\u7136\u84bc\u5ca9\u7fe0\u5cab\u77e3\u3002\u4e00\u5927\u6c60\u5ee3\u7d04\u767e\u755d\uff0c\u8a31\u5176\u6c34\uff0c\u76f4\u901a\u73e0\u6c5f\uff0c\u9686\u51ac\u4e0d\u6db8\u3002\u5fae\u6ce2\u6e3a\u3cfd\uff0c\u8db3\u4ee5\u6cdb\u821f\u3002\u9762\u6c60\u4e00\u5802\uff0c\u6975\u5bec\u655e\uff0c\u5de6\u53f3\u5eca\u5ee1\u56de\u7e5a\uff0c\u6b04\u696f\u5468\u531d\uff0c\u96d5\u93e4\u85fb\u98fe\uff0c\u7121\u4e0d\u5de5\u5fb4\u3002\u8ddd\u5802\u6578\u6b66\uff0c\u4e00\u53f0\u5cd9\u4e8e\u6c34\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ba\u7ba1\u5f26\u6b4c\u821e\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u6bcf\u4e8e\u53f0\u4e2d\u4f5c\u6a02\uff0c\u5247\u97f3\u51fa\u6c34\u9762\uff0c\u6e05\u97ff\u53ef\u807d\u3002\u7531\u5802\u800c\u897f\uff0c\u63a5\u4ee5\u5c0f\u6a4b\uff0c\u70ba\u6dbc\u69ad\uff0c\u8ed2\u7a97\u56db\u958b\uff0c\u4e00\u671b\u7a7a\u78a7\u3002\u4e09\u4f0f\u6642\uff0c\u85d5\u82b1\u9999\u767c\uff0c\u6e05\u98a8\u5f90\u4f86\uff0c\u9813\u5fd8\u71e0\u6691\u3002\u5712\u591a\u679c\u6728\uff0c\u800c\u8354\u679d\u6a39\u5c24\u7e41\uff0c\u5176\u6979\u806f\u66f0\u201c\u8377\u82b1\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u8354\u5b50\u5149\u9670\u201d\uff08<\/span>\u7b46\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u984c\u201c\u8354\u5b50\u5149\u9670\uff0c\u8377\u82b1\u4e16\u754c\u201d<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u84cb\u7d00\u5be6\u4e5f\u3002\u6771\u6709\u767d\u5854\u9ad8\u4e94\u7d1a\uff0c\u6089\u7528\u767d\u77f3\u5806\u780c\u800c\u6210\u3002\u897f\u5317\u4e00\u5e36\u9ad8\u6a13\u5c64\u95a3\uff0c\u66f2\u623f\u5bc6\u5ba4\uff0c\u8907\u6709\u5341\u9918\u8655\uff0c\u4ea6\u7686\u82b1\u627f\u6a39\u852d\uff0c\u9ad8\u5351\u5408\u5b9c\u3002\u7136\u6f58\u5712\u4e4b\u52dd\u70ba\u6709\u771f\u6c34\u771f\u5c71\uff0c\u4e0d\u5f92\u4ee5\u6a13\u95a3\u83ef\u6574\uff0c\u82b1\u6728\u7e41\u7e1f\u7a31\u4e5f\u3002<\/span>[26]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u534a\u74b0\u5f62\u7684\u4fbf\u9762\u4e2d\u90e8\u504f\u4e0a\uff0c\u7e6a\u6709\u5169\u5c64\u6b47\u5c71\u9802\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5efa\u7bc9\uff0d\uff0d\u5802\uff0c\u5c45\u65bc\u5bec\u655e\u986f\u8981\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u8207\u5802\u524d\u5bec\u95ca\u8377\u6c60\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u69cb\u6210\u5168\u5712\u4f48\u5c40\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4fbf\u9762\u4e2d\u90e8\u504f\u53f3\u4e0b\u662f\u77f3\u5854\uff0c\u5de6\u90e8\u662f\u9ad8\u6a13\u5c64\u95a3\u3002\u660e\u672b\u9020\u5712\u5bb6\u8a08\u6210\u5728\u300a\u5712\u51b6\u300b\u4e2d\u5c0d\u201c\u5802\u201d\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u70ba<\/span>:<\/span>\u201c\u5802\u8005\uff0c\u7576\u4e5f\u3002\u8b02\u6b63\u5411\u967d\u4e4b\u5c4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u5802\u5802\u9ad8\u986f\u4e4b\u7fa9\u201d\uff0c\u4e26\u5c0d\u5802\u7684\u671d\u5411\u4f5c\u4e86\u8a2d\u8a08\u6307\u5f15\uff0c\u201c\u51e1\u5712\u5703\u7acb\u57fa\uff0c\u5b9a\u5ef3\u5802\u70ba\u4e3b\u3002\u5148\u4e4e\u53d6\u666f\uff0c\u5999\u5728\u671d\u5357\u201d\u3002<\/span>1871<\/span>\u5e74\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u756a\u79ba\u4f59\u852d\u5c71\u623f\uff0c\u5728\u5c40\u4fc3\u7684\u5712\u5730\u9650\u5236\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5efa\u7bc9\u6df1\u67f3\u5802\u4f9d\u7136\u53d6\u671d\u5411\u6771\u5357\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u8212\u9069\u7684\u967d\u5149\u7167\u5c04\u548c\u7a7a\u6c23\u6d41\u901a\u3002\u5f9e\u7a7a\u9593\u69cb\u5716\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u8207\u300a\u8377\u5eca\u7b46\u8a18\u300b\u8a18\u8ff0\u7684\u65b9\u4f4d\u7d50\u5408\u63a8\u6572\uff0c\u4fbf\u9762\u662f\u5f9e\u5357\u5f80\u5317\u4f5c\u9ce5\u77b0\u5f0f\u69cb\u5716\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u898f\u5283\u662f\u9075\u5faa\u4e86\u8a08\u6210\u7684\u5712\u6797\u85dd\u8853\u7406\u8ad6\u3002\u5802\u5750\u5317\u671d\u5357\uff0c\u5357\u63a5\u201c\u8db3\u4ee5\u6cdb\u821f\u201d\u7684\u8377\u6c60\uff0c\u662f\u6545\u4ea6\u80fd\u6709\u590f\u5b63\u5357\u98a8\u9001\u9999\u5165\u5ba4\u7684\u5712\u5c45\u96c5\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u7530\u8c6b\u5ba2\u5c45\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5f8c\u7684\u5169\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>1848<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u590f\u947e\u61c9\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u4e4b\u9080\uff0c\u7e6a\u756b\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\u3002\u9577\u5377\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709\u5712\u4e3b\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u984c\u8b58\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u6642\u4efb\u5169\u5ee3\u7e3d\u7763\u8006\u82f1\u984c\u5f15\u9996\u3002\u590f\u947e\uff0c\u5b57\u9cf4\u4e4b\uff0c\u5357\u4eac\u4eba\u3002\u9577\u5377\u4e2d\u90e8\uff08\u5716<\/span>4.3<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u5712\u5340\u666f\u8c61\u8207\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\u76f8\u53bb\u4e0d\u9060\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u672c\u9577\u5377\u7684\u8996\u89d2\uff0c\u9673\u4ee5\u6c9b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u756b\u4f5c\u662f\u201c\u5f9e\u6771\u5317\u89d2\u9ad8\u8655\u4fef\u81e8\u9928\u5712\u6240\u7e6a\u7684\u5168\u666f\u5716\u201d<\/span>[27]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u9678\u7426\u4ea6\u6301\u540c\u6a23\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u201c\u8a72\u5716\u662f\u5f9e\u5712\u6771\u5317\u89d2\u9ad8\u8655\u4fef\u77b0\u5712\u6797\u7684\u5168\u666f\u5716\u201d<\/span>[28]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u82e5\u6309\u9673\u3001\u9678\u6240\u6307\uff0c\u5247\u4e3b\u9ad4\u5efa\u7bc9\u5802\u70ba\u5750\u897f\u671d\u6771\uff0c\u77f3\u5854\u5728\u5802\u7684\u5317\u5074\uff0c\u9ad8\u6a13\u5c64\u95a3\u5728\u5802\u5357\u5074\uff0d\uff0d\u5712\u5340\u5357\u90e8\u70ba\u9ad8\u6a13\u5c64\u95a3\uff0c\u65e2\u59a8\u7919\u65e5\u7167\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5229\u901a\u98a8\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u8207\u300a\u8377\u5eca\u7b46\u8a18\u300b\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\u76f8\u885d\u7a81\uff0c\u4e5f\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u5712\u6797\u4f48\u5c40\u624b\u6cd5\u76f8\u5de6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\u8868\u73fe\u7684\u5712\u5340\u897f\u90e8\uff0c\u6709\u570d\u7246\u8207\u5916\u76f8\u9694\uff0c\u8207\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u2022\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u300b\u6240\u8a18\u201c\u57a3\u7e5e\u56db\u5468\u201d\u76f8\u543b\u5408\uff1b\u300a<\/span>Bits of Old China<\/span>\u300b\u5247\u8a18\u5230\uff0c\u201c<\/span>The grounds were surrounded entirely by a brick wall of eight or nine feet high<\/span>\u201d<\/span>[29]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7531\u4e00\u9053\u516b\u4e5d\u82f1\u5c3a\uff08\u7d04<\/span>2.4<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>2.7<\/span>\u7c73\uff09\u9ad8\u7684\u78da\u7246\u570d\u5408\u3002\u9577\u5377\u5169\u5074\u5c55\u73fe\u4e86\u5712\u5340\u5916\u74b0\u5883\uff0c\u5de6\u90e8\uff08\u5716<\/span>4.2<\/span>\uff09\u8868\u73fe\u4e86\u5bec\u95ca\u7684\u6c5f\u9762\uff0c\u5169\u8258\u5e06\u8239\u81ea\u5317\u800c\u5357\u822a\u884c\uff1b\u53f3\u90e8\uff08\u5716<\/span>4.4<\/span>\uff09\u5247\u5c55\u73fe\u70ba\u81ea\u897f\u5411\u5357\u7684\u5167\u6cb3\u666f\u89c0\uff0c\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6709\u5169\u8258\u5c0f\u8239\uff0c\u6f01\u592b\u5728\u8239\u5c3e\u6490\u7af9\u7bd9\u524d\u884c\u3002\u9577\u5377\u5716\u7e6a\u4e86\u4f4d\u65bc\u6c5f\u6cb3\u4ea4\u932f\u5730\u5e36\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u6fc3\u90c1\u5712\u6797\u6c23\u606f\uff0c\u8b93\u89c0\u756b\u8005\u4f3c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u5712\u5916\u7684\u6c5f\u6cb3\u5728\u6d41\u52d5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f3c\u805e\u5230\u4e86\u5712\u5167\u7684\u590f\u8377\u5728\u98c4\u9999\uff0c\u4e88\u4eba\u7a7a\u9748\u3001\u6df1\u9060\u7684\u610f\u5883\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u7530\u8c6b\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\uff0c\u6216\u662f\u590f\u947e\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\uff0c\u756b\u4f5c\u96d6\u975e\u4e00\u822c\u5beb\u610f\u5c71\u6c34\u756b\uff0c\u4e26\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u85dd\u8853\u5f62\u8c61\u518d\u9020\uff0c\u756b\u5bb6\u5747\u6709\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u5c45\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u9ad4\u73fe\uff0c\u7e6a\u756b\u7d30\u7dfb\u5165\u5fae\uff0c\u666f\u7269\u5f62\u8c61\u8207\u6587\u737b\u8a18\u8f09\u5927\u81f4\u543b\u5408\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u8003\u8b49\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5716\u5f62\u8cc7\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>4.2[<\/span>\u4e0a<\/span>] –\u00a0<\/span>\u5716<\/span>4.3[<\/span>\u4e2d<\/span>] –\u00a0<\/span>\u5716<\/span>4.4[<\/span>\u4e0b<\/span>]<\/span>\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u590f\u947e\u7e6a<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u4e94\u3001\u5f9e\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u5716\u770b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6e05\u4ee3\u7684\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u8a18\u9304\u8457\u5927\u91cf\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u7576\u6642\u57ce\u9109\u6f14\u8b8a\u8ecc\u8de1\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8cc7\u8a0a\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u5716\u5f62\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u9ede\u662f\u76f4\u89c0\u3001\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7a7a\u9593\u611f\u5f37\u3002\u901a\u904e\u89e3\u8b80\u548c\u6bd4\u5c0d\u6b77\u53f2\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u5c0d\u77ad\u89e3\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u80cc\u666f\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u8b8a\u9077\u3001\u5468\u908a\u5730\u7406\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u6709\u8457\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u53c3\u8003\u50f9\u503c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u660e\u4ee3\u300a\u6c38\u6a02\u5927\u5178\u300b\u6240\u8f09\u201c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e9c\u5883\u4e4b\u5716\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u898b\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u53cd\u6620\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u4f48\u5c40\u7684\u5730\u5716\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5167\u5bb9\u7c21\u55ae\u6982\u62ec\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\u5f62\u72c0\u548c\u76f8\u5c0d\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5f62\u72c0\u548c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5931\u771f\u3002<\/span>1584<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u5229\u746a\u7ac7\uff08<\/span>1552<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1610<\/span>\uff09\u5230\u9054\u5ee3\u6771\u8087\u6176\uff0c\u7de8\u5236\u300a\u5c71\u6d77\u8f3f\u5730\u5168\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u5f8c\u540d\u300a\u5764\u8f3f\u842c\u570b\u5168\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5e45\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u7d93\u7def\u4e16\u754c\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5730\u5716\u5b78\u50b3\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u3002<\/span>1707<\/span>\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u6e05\u671d\u5c55\u958b\u5168\u570b\u7d93\u7def\u5ea6\u548c\u4e09\u89d2\u6e2c\u91cf\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u4e2d\u570b\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u5e9c\u9032\u5165\u4e86\u5be6\u6e2c\u5730\u5716\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u99ae\u79c9\u6b63\uff08<\/span>1669<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1748<\/span>\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u65bc<\/span>1717<\/span>\u5e74\u7e6a\u6210\u6709\u540d\u7684\u300a\u7687\u8f3f\u5168\u89bd\u5716\u300b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u8fd1\u8087\u6176\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e2d\u570b\u9762\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u9580\u6236\uff0c\u7e31\u6709\u8fd1\u6c34\u6a13\u81fa\u4e4b\u4fbf\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u5148\u9032\u7684\u5730\u5716\u6e2c\u7e6a\u6280\u8853\u672a\u80fd\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u5ee3\u5dde\u65b9\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u5716\u7e6a\u88fd\u3002\u5f9e<\/span>1835<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u9053\u5149\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9053\u5149\u7248\u300a\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u00b7\u5377\u4e09\u300b\u201c\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.1<\/span>\uff09\u6240\u898b\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u5177\u5099\u79d1\u5b78\u6027\u548c\u6e96\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u7e6a\u88fd\u7c97\u52a3\uff0c\u82e5\u6309\u5730\u5716\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\u5230\u9054\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u7121\u6cd5\u77e5\u9053\u6e96\u78ba\u65b9\u4f4d\u53ca\u8ddd\u96e2\uff0c\u53ea\u6703\u611f\u5230\u5f92\u6dfb\u56f0\u60d1\u3002\u55e3\u5f8c\uff0c\u4e3b\u52d5\u63a5\u53d7\u897f\u65b9\u5730\u5716\u5b78\u5148\u9032\u6280\u8853\u7684\u5ee3\u5dde\u5148\u9a45\u6709\u9673\u6fa7\uff08<\/span>1810<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1882<\/span>\uff09\u548c\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\uff08<\/span>1819<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1869<\/span>\uff09\u3002\u79d1\u5b78\u5bb6\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u53c3\u7de8<\/span>1872<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c\u627f\u64d4\u5730\u5716\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u65b9\u5fd7\u5730\u5716\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u65b9\u4f4d\u7cbe\u51c6\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e26\u56b4\u683c\u8003\u8b49\uff0c\u898f\u7bc4\u4e86\u5730\u540d\u3002\u4ee5\u81f4\u4e09\u5341\u516b\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c<\/span>1910<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5ba3\u7d71\u4e8c\u5e74\uff09\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u00b7\u5377\u4e00\u300b\u5beb\u5230\uff1a\u201c\u6309\u672c\u9091\u6240\u5c6c\u5404\u5716\u5247\u70ba\u9112\u5f81\u541b\u4f2f\u5947\u6240\u7e6a\uff0c\u754c\u7dda\u660e\u6670\uff0c\u8b90\u6821\u7cbe\u7f8e\uff0c\u6b64\u6b21\u91cd\u4fee\u672a\u4fbf\u518d\u884c\u66f4\u6613\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u5ee3\u5dde\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u5efa\u8a2d\u8b8a\u5316\u5df2\u7d93\u7ffb\u5929\u8986\u5730\uff0c\u4ecd\u6cbf\u9112\u6c0f\u6e2c\u7e6a\u7684\u5730\u5716\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u00b7\u5377\u4e00\u300b\u520a\u6709\u201c\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.2<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u65bc\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u897f\u5074\u8655\u6a19\u6709\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u3002\u5176\u6642\u5ee3\u5dde\u53ef\u77e5\u7684\u6f58\u5712\u6709\u4e09\uff0c\u7686\u4ee5\u5712\u4e3b\u59d3\u6c0f\u51a0\u540d\uff1a\u4e00\u70ba\u6cb3\u5357\u6f58\u6709\u5ea6\u7684\u5357\u5885\uff0c\u4e00\u70ba\u82b1\u5730\u6f58\u6709\u70ba\u7684\u516d\u677e\u5712\uff0c\u4e00\u70ba\u8354\u7063\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u7684\u6f58\u5712\u3002\u6eff\u6d32\u65d7\u4eba\u9577\u5584\u65bc<\/span>1869<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1884<\/span>\u5e74\u9593\u4efb\u5ee3\u5dde\u5c07\u8ecd\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u6240\u8457\u300a\u829d\u96b1\u5ba4\u8a69\u5b58\u00b7\u81ea\u6ce8\u300b\u8a18\u53ca\u8354\u679d\u7063\u3001\u6f58\u5712\u8207\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u95dc\u806f\uff1a\u201c\u8354\u679d\u7063\u593e\u5cb8\u591a\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u6f58\u5712\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6975\u76db\uff0c\u4eca\u5df2\u8352\u843d\u201d\u3002\u64da\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\u5730\u5716\u4e0a\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u65c1\u7684\u6f58\u5712\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u3002\u7e23\u8a8c\u8a73\u9644\u6709\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u5404\u5821\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u4e00\u5e36\u7576\u6642\u96b8\u5c6c\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5821\uff0c\u7ffb\u95b1\u201c\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.3<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u897f\u5074\u4ea6\u6a19\u6709\u6f58\u5712\uff0c\u8f03\u4e4b\u201c\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u897f\u800c\u5357\u6dfb\u756b\u6709\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u9678\u5730\u908a\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u6771\u3001\u5317\u7684\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u5f62\u6210\u570d\u5408\u3002\u5712\u5740\u7684\u897f\u5317\u89d2\u3001\u6771\u5317\u89d2\u5747\u70ba\u652f\u6d8c\u8207\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u7684\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\uff0c\u6771\u5357\u89d2\u5247\u70ba\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u8207\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u7684\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\u3002\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u3001\u66fe\u61b2\u73ca\u5728\u300a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c0f\u8b70\u300b\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u5f9e\u53e4\u5730\u5716\u6ce8\u8a18\u63a8\u6572\u7684\u51fa\u8655\uff0c\u201c\u672c\u4eba\u4f5c\u5716\u662f\u6839\u64da\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u7b49\u7e6a\u88fd\u5ba3\u7d71\u300a\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u5716\u897f\u95dc\u90e8\u5206\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u548c\u5c0f\u5317\u6c5f\u9593\u6ce8\u8a18\u6709\u2018\u6f58\u5712\u2019\u4e8c\u5b57\u53bb\u7e6a\u88fd\u201d<\/span>[30]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6b77\u53f2\u5730\u7406\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7bc4\u570d\u7684\u4e0d\u78ba\u5207\u6a19\u8a18\uff0c\u61c9\u662f\u6839\u64da\u201c\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u7e6a\u6709\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u908a\u754c\u7dda\u7684\u201c\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.1<\/span>\u9053\u5149\u7248\u300a\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.2<\/span>\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.3<\/span>\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u6eaf<\/span>1872<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u540c\u6cbb\u5341\u4e00\u5e74\uff09\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u51fa\u73fe\u4e8e\u65b9\u5fd7\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u7e23\u8a8c\u5c0d\u5730\u5716\u7684\u91cd\u8996\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5176\u6392\u7248\u6b21\u5e8f\u53ca\u5730\u5716\u54c1\u8cea\u548c\u6578\u91cf\u5f97\u5230\u9ad4\u73fe\uff1a\u6b21\u5e8f\u5f9e\u9053\u5149\u7248\u300a\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\uff0c\u524d\u79fb\u5230\u7b2c\u4e00\u3001\u4e8c\u5377\uff0c\u520a\u5370\u7684\u5730\u5716\u6578\u91cf\u8f03\u9053\u5149\u7248\u53ca\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u5747\u70ba\u591a\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u6a19\u6709\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u5730\u5716\u6709\u4e09\u5f35\uff1a\u5377\u4e00\u7684\u300a\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.4<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.5<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u5f35\u5730\u5716\u5728\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a<\/span>\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c<\/span>\u300b\u5747\u6709\u6cbf\u7528\uff1b\u5377\u4e8c\u7684\u300a\u6a6b\u56db\u7e31\u4e00\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.5<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u6a19\u793a\u6709\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u908a\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u66f4\u5728\u5712\u5167\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u4e0a\u65b9\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u6a19\u6ce8\u201c\u5854\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u610f\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u5167\u7bc9\u6709\u5854\u3002\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u7e3d\u7e82\uff0c\u9112\u74a1\u3001\u7f85\u7167\u6ec4\u5206\u7e82\uff0c\u6e2c\u7e6a\u4eba\u54e1\u5468\u884c\u9091\u5883\uff0c\u7e6a\u5730\u5fc5\u8209\u8db3\u89aa\u6b77\uff0c\u56b4\u683c\u6309\u7167\u897f\u65b9\u7e6a\u88fd\u6e96\u5247\u6e2c\u91cf\u7d93\u7def\u5ea6\uff0c\u63a1\u7528\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7e6a\u5716\uff0c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5730\u5716\u6e96\u78ba\u6027\uff0c\u65bc\u5730\u5716\u7684\u7559\u767d\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u6ce8\u660e\u201c\u6b64\u5d17\u672a\u5230\u201d\u3001\u201c\u4e00\u5e36\u5d29\u9677\u4e4b\u5c71\u672a\u5230\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u6e2c\u7e6a\u7684\u56b4\u8b39\u614b\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u676d\u5dde\u4eba\u9673\u5764\uff08<\/span>1821<\/span>\uff0d\uff1f\uff09\u8457\u6709\u300a\u5dba\u5357\u96dc\u4e8b\u8a69\u9214\u300b\uff0c\u8a18\u9304\u5ee3\u6771\u98a8\u571f\u4eba\u60c5\uff0c\u8a69\u4eba\u9577\u671f\u5c45\u7cb5\uff0c\u6240\u8ff0\u591a\u70ba\u89aa\u6b77\u89aa\u805e\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u8a69\u96c6\u6975\u5bcc\u53f2\u6599\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u5377\u4e00\u6709\u8a69\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\u91d1\u6996\u6797\u6cc9\u97cb\u66f2\u82b1\uff0c\u4e0d\u591a\u6642\u7a2e\u53ec\u5e73\u74dc\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d77\u5c71\u96b1\u7d04\u96f2\u906e\u65b7\uff0c\u4e00\u62b9\u659c\u967d\u6578\u9ede\u9d09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u756a\u79ba\u6f58\u6c0f\u6240\u7bc9\uff0c\u5728\u8354\u652f\u7063\u5074\u3002\u6709\u6c60\u69ad\u82b1\u6728\u4e4b\u52dd\uff0c\u7f8a\u57ce\u8cb4\u4ecb\u904a\u5bb4\u7121\u865b\uff0c\u8e35\u76f8\u63a5\u4e5f\uff0c\u66fe\u5e7e\u4f55\u6642\u97a0\u70ba\u8302\u8349\uff0c\u6b8a\u70ba\u53ef\u6168\u5df2\u3002<\/span>[31]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8a69\u4e2d\u6240\u6ce8\u201c\u5728\u8354\u652f\u7063\u5074\u201d\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u4e86\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u4ea6\u4e26\u672a\u8de8\u8d8a\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u800c\u4fee\u7bc9\uff0c\u7e23\u8a8c\u4e2d\u7684<\/span>\u300a\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6a6b\u56db\u7e31\u4e00\u5716\u300b\u6240\u7e6a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4ea6\u662f<\/span>\u201c\u5728\u8354\u652f\u7063\u5074\u201d\u3002\u901a\u904e\u5730\u5716\u8207\u8a69\u6587<\/span>\u4e92\u8b49\u4e92\u6821\uff0c\u88dc\u5145\u6587\u737b\u8a18\u8f09\u7684\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5f9e\u53e6\u4e00\u5074\u9762\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u51fa\u9112\u6c0f\u5730\u5716\u6240\u6e2c\u7e6a\u7684<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928<\/span>\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u5360\u5730\u7bc4\u570d\u6709\u8457\u6975\u9ad8\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u50f9\u503c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u53c3\u8003\u53f2\u6599\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.4<\/span>\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u7e23\u6cbb\u9644\u7701\u5168\u5716\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.5<\/span>\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\n

\u5716<\/span>5.6<\/span>\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b
\n<\/span>\u6a6b\u56db\u7e31\u4e00\u5716\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

1879<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u4e94\u5e74\uff09\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u5149\u7dd2\u7248\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u5e9c\u5fd7\u5730\u5716\u90e8\u5206\u70ba\u756a\u79ba\u9673\u6fa7\u7e6a\u3002\u9673\u6fa7\u65e2\u662f\u7d93\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u5730\u7406\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u8207\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u5171\u540c\u7e6a\u6709\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u5716\u8aaa\u300b\u3002\u5377\u516b\u201c\u7701\u57ce\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.7<\/span>\uff09\u6a19\u6709\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u908a\u754c\u7dda\u8d70\u5411\u5747\u8207\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u2022\u5377\u4e00\u300b\u201c\u4e0b\u6069\u6d32\u5716\u201d\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1888<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u5341\u56db\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u5021\u5efa\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u9673\u68e8\u7199\uff08\u865f\u7167\u5357\uff09\u70ba\u62db\u96c6\u5ee3\u6771\u9673\u59d3\u65cf\u4eba\u5408\u8cc7\u8208\u5efa\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u57ce\u5168\u5716\u00b7\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u5730\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.8<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u65b9\u4fbf\u5404\u5730\u9673\u6c0f\u65cf\u4eba\u524d\u5f80\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u7528\u6587\u5b57\u8a73\u7d30\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u4e94\u689d\u8def\u7dda\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u689d\u6c34\u8def\u8def\u7dda\u7d93\u904e\u4f4d\u65bc\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u8207\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u4ea4\u9ede\u6771\u5357\u7684\u5f6d\u5712\uff0c\u201c\u81ea\u6c99\u9762\u8d77\uff0c\u5165\u897f\u70ae\u81fa\u3001\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d66\u3001\u5f6d\u5712\u3001\u89c0\u97f3\u6a4b\u767b\u5cb8\uff0c\u5165\u4e94\u798f\u91cc\uff0c\u5165\u9023\u5143\u901a\u6d25\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u66f8\u9662\u201d\u3002\u6b64\u6642\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5df2\u7d93\u6d88\u5931\u4eba\u4e16\u5341\u9918\u5e74\uff0c\u4ecd\u7136\u4f5c\u70ba\u5730\u6a19\u4ee5\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u5b57\u6a23\u88ab\u6a19\u6ce8\u5728\u4e86\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u897f\u5074\uff0c\u4ee5\u6307\u5f15\u7570\u9109\u4eba\u5728\u652f\u6cb3\u6c4a\u6e2f\u4e2d\u5b9a\u4f4d\u524d\u5f80\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.7<\/span>\u5149\u7dd2\u7248\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e9c\u5fd7\u300b
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.8\u00a0<\/span>\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u57ce\u5168\u5716\u00b7\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u5730\u5716\u300b
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u660e\u6e05\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9032\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5730\u7406\uff0c\u7e6a\u756b\u5730\u5716\u7684\u591a\u70ba\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u3002<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u4e00\u5f35\u6700\u65e9\u53cd\u6620\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u300a<\/span>Map of the city and entire suburbs of Canton<\/span>\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.9<\/span>\uff09\u4ea6\u662f\u7531\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u6e2c\u7e6a\u800c\u6210\uff0c\u8f03\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u65e9\u5341\u4e03\u5e74\u3002\u5730\u5716\u7684\u7e6a\u88fd\u8005<\/span>Rev. D. Vrooman<\/span>\uff08<\/span>1818<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1895<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5168\u7a31\u70ba<\/span>Reverend Daniel Vrooman<\/span>\uff0c\u6f22\u8b6f\u70ba\u50b3\u6559\u58eb\u4e39\u5c3c\u723e\u00b7\u5bcc\u6587\uff0c<\/span>1818<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u751f\u65bc\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u3002\u4e8e<\/span>1851<\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u78a9\u58eb\u7562\u696d\uff0c\u7fcc\u5e74\u4f86\u5230\u5ee3\u5dde\u3002<\/span>1857<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd4\u56de\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c<\/span>1860<\/span>\u5e74\u53c8\u4f86\u5230\u5ee3\u5dde<\/span>[32]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5ee3\u5dde\u901a\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u5ee3\u5dde\u8a71\u8b80\u97f3\u7684\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u300a<\/span>Phonetic Alphabet for the Canton Dialect of the Chinese Language<\/span>\u300b\uff0c<\/span>1863<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u65b9\u5fd7\u5730\u5716\u7684\u201c\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u6240\u5728\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716<\/span>\u4e2d\u6a19\u8a18\u70ba\u201c<\/span>Puntinqua’s Garden<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u5712\u5167\u5f62\u8c61\u5730\u7e6a\u6709\u4e09\u5c64\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0f\u5854\uff0c\u4e26\u6a19\u6709\u201c<\/span>Pagoda<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u5854\uff0c\u5716\u5916\u6771\u5357\u6a19\u6709\u201c<\/span>rice grounds<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u7a3b\u7530\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u53ca\u897f\u90e8\u70ba\u516d\u6bb5\u6298\u7dda\u69cb\u6210\u7684\u9678\u5730\u908a\u754c\u7dda\uff0c\u6771\u90e8\u8207\u5317\u90e8\u7684\u5cb8\u7dda\u53ca\u8207\u652f\u6d41\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5712\u5167\u5854\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c<\/span>\u2022\u5377\u4e8c<\/span>\u201c\u6a6b\u56db\u7e31\u4e00\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.6<\/span>\uff09\u8207\u4e4b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002<\/span>Puntinqua<\/span>\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u70ba\u6f58\u5ead\u5b98\uff0c\u5ead\u5b98\u662f\u6f58\u6b63\u7152\uff08<\/span>1791<\/span>\u2014<\/span>1850<\/span>\uff09\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u5546\u540d\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u901d\u4e16\u5f8c\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u82f1\u6587\u5546\u540d\u4f3c\u4e4e\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u65c1\u65cf\u6f58\u6b63\u5a01\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u8eab\u4e0a\u3002\u6709\u5982\u6f58\u632f\u627f\u88ab\u7a31\u4f5c\u6f58\u555f\u5b98\uff0c\u5152\u5b50\u6f58\u6709\u5ea6\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6f58\u555f\u5b98\u4e8c\u4e16\uff0c\u5b6b\u5b50\u6f58\u6b63\u7152\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u6f58\u555f\u5b98\u4e09\u4e16\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6df7\u6dc6\u4e86\u6f58\u6b63\u7152\u8207\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ea\u5dee\u672a\u6a19\u8a18\u70ba\u6f58\u5ead\u5b98\u4e8c\u4e16\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1855<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716<\/span>\u7684\u7e6a\u6210\uff0c\u8ddd<\/span>\u96e2\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8087\u5efa\u5927\u6982<\/span>14<\/span>\u5e74\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u5f9e\u5730\u5716\u53ef\u898b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u65e9\u671f\u5468\u908a\u74b0\u5883\u60c5\u6cc1\uff0c\u6771\u8ddd\u7e41\u83ef\u7684\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u5546\u5708\u76f4\u7dda\u8ddd\u96e2\u4e0d\u904e\u5169\u516c\u91cc\uff0c<\/span>\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u55a7\u9b27\u74b0\u5883\u5916\u8ddd\u96e2\u9069\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u6bb5\u627e\u5c0b\u5e7d\u975c\u7684\u74b0\u5883\u800c\u7bc9\u5712\uff0c<\/span>\u5712\u6797\u5468\u908a\u662f\u5ee3\u88a4\u7684\u7530\u5730\u3001\u5bc6\u4f48\u7684\u6cb3\u6d8c\uff0c\u85d5\u82b1\u9999\u8655\uff0c\u8354\u5b50\u7d05\u6642\uff0c\u91ce\u8da3\u76ce\u7136\uff0c\u8aa0\u5982\u660e\u672b\u9020\u5712\u5bb6\u8a08\u6210\u300a\u5712\u51b6\u300b<\/span>\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u201c\u53e4\u4e4b\u6a02\u7530\u5712\u8005\uff0c\u5c45\u65bc\u754e\u755d\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff1b\u4eca\u803d\u4e18\u58d1\u8005\uff0c\u9078\u6751\u838a\u4e4b\u52dd\uff0c\u5718\u5718\u7c6c\u843d\uff0c\u8655\u8655\u6851\u9ebb\u3002\u947f\u6c34\u70ba\u6fe0\uff0c\u6311\u5824\u7a2e\u67f3\u3002\u9580\u6a13\u77e5\u7a3c\uff0c\u5eca\u5ee1\u9023\u82b8\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1858<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u300a<\/span>Canton, City and Environs<\/span>\u300b\u5730\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.10<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u88fd\u5716\u4eba\u4e0d\u8a73\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u5bcc\u6587\u5df2\u8fd4\u7f8e\u570b\uff0c\u4f46\u5730\u5716\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u5468\u908a\u7684\u7e6a\u756b\uff0c\u8207<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d8c\u51fa\u53e3\u6771\u5074\u7684\u6c99\u9762\u5cf6\u958b\u59cb\u6210\u5f62\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1860<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6642\u503c\u4e2d\u82f1\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9d09\u7247\u6230\u722d\u7d50\u675f\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u6210\u70ba\u82f1\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\u7684\u6c99\u9762\u5cf6\u4e5f\u5df2\u65bc<\/span>1859<\/span>\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\u571f\u5efa\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u6c99\u57fa\u6d8c\u5df2\u7d93\u6316\u901a\uff0c\u5bcc\u6587\u66f4\u65b0\u4e86\u300a<\/span>Map of the city and entire suburbs of Canton<\/span>\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.11<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u53ca\u6c99\u9762\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\u5728\u5730\u5716\u4e0a\u5f97\u5230\u5c55\u73fe\uff0c\u4e26\u76f8\u61c9\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u7d30\u7bc0\uff0c\u5357\u90e8\u53ca\u897f\u90e8\u9678\u5730\u908a\u754c\u7dda\u4f9d\u7136\u70ba\u516d\u6bb5\u6298\u7dda\u69cb\u6210\uff0c\u6298\u7dda\u8d70\u5411\u7565\u6709\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c<\/span>\u5712\u5167\u7684\u4e09\u5c64\u5854\u7d30\u7bc0\u5247\u7c21\u5316\u70ba\u4ee5\u96d9\u5713\u5708\u8868\u793a\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.9 1855<\/span>\u5e74\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.10 1858<\/span>\u5e74\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.11 1860<\/span>\u5e74\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

1862<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u4e00\u5f35\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u88fd\u5716\u8005\u4e0d\u8a73\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u6a19\u8a18\u5730\u5716\u540d\uff0c\u59d1\u4e14\u540d\u4e4b\u300a<\/span>Canton, China 1862<\/span>\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.12<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u6c99\u9762\u5cf6\u6709\u4e86\u66f4\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u53ca\u5854\u7684\u6a23\u5f0f\uff0c\u8207<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u76f8\u8fd1\uff0c\u4f46\u82f1\u6587\u6a19\u6ce8\u70ba\u201c<\/span>Poontinquas Garden<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u5247\u53c8\u662f\u660e\u986f\u4e0d\u540c\u4e4b\u8655\u3002\u5728\u7cb5\u8a9e\u62fc\u97f3\u62fc\u6cd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u6f58\u201d\u65e2\u53ef\u8b6f\u4f5c<\/span>Poon<\/span>\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ef\u8b6f\u4f5c<\/span>Pun<\/span>\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u65e5\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\uff0c\u59d3\u6c0f\u201c\u6f58\u201d\u591a\u8b6f\u4f5c\u201c<\/span>Poon<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u8b6f\u4f5c\u201c<\/span>Pun<\/span>\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u8f03\u5c11\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1867<\/span>\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5730\u5716\u300a<\/span>DIE PROVINZ KWANG TUNG<\/span>\uff08<\/span>CANTON<\/span>\uff09\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.13<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5716\u5e45\u53f3\u4e0b\u89d2\u7684\u5ee3\u5dde\u5c0f\u5716\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fd8\u6a19\u8a18\u201c<\/span>Puntinguas Garden<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u898b\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5728\u7576\u6642\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u91cd\u8981\u5730\u6a19\u800c\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6240\u8a8d\u540c\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1875<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>J. Bartholomew<\/span>\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u300a<\/span>Plan of the City of Canton<\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u70ba\u6545\u5712\uff0c\u5730\u5716\u4ecd\u7136\u4f5c\u70ba\u5730\u6a19\u6a19\u8a18\uff1a\u201c<\/span>POONTINQUA\u2019S GARDEN<\/span>\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.12 1862<\/span>\u5e74\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.13\u00a0<\/span>1867<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>5.14 1875<\/span>\u5e74\u5730\u5716
\n<\/span>\uff08\u622a\u5716\u70ba\u8354\u679d\u7063\u90e8\u5206\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u9032\u5165\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u57ce\u5916\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u63a5\u5f85\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u7684\u5834\u6240\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u88ab\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u6e2c\u7e6a\u5728\u5730\u5716\u4e0a\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u5b83\u540c\u6642\u671f\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u66f4\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u8f03\u591a\u7684\u6587\u737b\u8a18\u9304\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1885<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u82f1\u570b\u502b\u6566\u767c\u884c\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u72c0\u6cc1\u7684\u5c08\u8457\u300a<\/span>Bits of Old China<\/span>\u300b\uff08\u300a\u820a\u4e2d\u570b\u96dc\u8a18\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u4e45\u5c45\u5ee3\u5dde\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u901a<\/span>William C. Hunter<\/span>\uff08<\/span>1812<\/span>\u2014<\/span>1891<\/span>\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u5230\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u53ca\u5176\u8207\u73e0\u6c5f\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

It was a privilege granted to any of his foreign friends to make picnic excursions to the beautiful residence of Pwan-Kei-Qua at Pun-Tong\u00a0<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>\u00a0A branch of the Pearl River, to which we gave the name of North River, passes to the west of the grounds in their whole extent<\/span>\u2026\u2026<\/span>[33]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u5916\u570b\u53cb\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6cee\u5858\u7684\u6f58\u555f\u5b98\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u61c9\u70ba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff09\u7f8e\u9e97\u5c45\u6240\u9032\u884c\u90ca\u904a\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u69ae\u8000\u2026\u2026\u73e0\u6c5f\u7684\u4e00\u689d\u652f\u6d41\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u4f5c\u2018\u5317\u6c5f\u2019\uff0c\u5728\u82b1\u5712\u897f\u908a\u6d41\u904e\u2026\u2026\u201d\u5f9e\u5730\u5716\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u65bc\u6cee\u5858\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u5317\u6c5f\u6d41\u7d93\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u897f\u5074\uff0c\u8207<\/span>William C. Hunter<\/span>\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1867<\/span>\u5e74\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u9999\u6e2f\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a<\/span>The Treaty Ports of China and Japan<\/span>\u300b\uff08\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u548c\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u901a\u5546\u53e3\u5cb8\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u8a18\u9304\u5230\u5f9e\u5317\u6c5f\u6c5f\u9762\u4e0a\u9060\u89c0\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5712\u5167\u4e09\u5c64\u5854\u7684\u666f\u89c0\u611f\u53d7\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

A short distance within the mouth of Sulphur Creek will be seen, rising from amid the dense foliage of a grove of water-cedars, a small three-storied Pagoda which marks the site of a pleasure garden belonging to Pun-tin-qua, one of the old Hong Merchants. This garden is well worth visiting, and is always accessible to foreigners. It occupies several acres in extent \u2026\u2026<\/span>[34]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u96e2\u6c99\u8c9d\u6d77\u51fa\u53e3\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5927\u5766\u6c99\u6771\u5357\uff09\u4e0d\u9060\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u5728\u4e00\u7247\u8302\u76db\u7684\u6c34\u6749\u6a39\u53e2\u80cc\u5f8c\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u4e09\u5c64\u9ad8\u7684\u5c0f\u5854\uff0c\u9019\u6a19\u793a\u8457\u8001\u884c\u5546\u6f58\u5ead\u5b98\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u61c9\u70ba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff09\u7684\u82b1\u5712\u6240\u5728\u3002\u9019\u500b\u82b1\u5712\u503c\u5f97\u4e00\u904a\uff0c\u5916\u570b\u4eba\u662f\u88ab\u5141\u8a31\u53ef\u4ee5\u9032\u5165\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5360\u5730\u6709\u5e7e\u82f1\u755d\u2026\u2026\u201d\uff0c\u5728<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u3001<\/span>1858<\/span>\u5e74\u3001<\/span>1862<\/span>\u5e74\u4e09\u5f35\u4e0d\u540c\u5e74\u4efd\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u5747\u53ef\u898b\u756b\u6709\u4e09\u5c64\u5c0f\u5854\uff0c\u8207\u4e0a\u6587\u7684\u8a18\u8f09\u4e5f\u662f\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u201c<\/span>Sulphur<\/span>\u201d\u7576\u70ba\u201c<\/span>Sul Phur<\/span>\u201d\uff0c\u7cb5\u8a9e\u97f3\u8b6f\uff1a\u6c99\u8c9d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u6c99\u8c9d\u6d77\uff0c\u4f4d\u65bc\u5927\u5766\u6c99\u4ee5\u6771\uff0c\u8354\u679d\u7063\u4ee5\u897f\uff0c\u662f\u5317\u6c5f\u7684\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u6bb5\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u6587\u737b\u8a18\u8f09\u4e2d\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8207\u6c34\u7cfb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ef\u8b49\u5730\u5716\u4e0a\u7684\u5712\u5740\u7684\u6e96\u78ba\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
1875<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u7d10\u7d04\u51fa\u7248\u300a<\/span>A Legacy of Historical Gleanings<\/span>\u300b<\/span>\u00a0Volume\u00a0<\/span>\u2161\uff08\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u907a\u7522\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\uff09\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005<\/span>Mrs. Catharina V.R. Bonney<\/span>\u8a18\u9304\u4e86\u5728<\/span>1859<\/span>\u5e74\u767b\u4e0a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4e09\u5c64\u5854\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e0a\u4e00\u6bb5\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u88dc\u5145\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

Poontinqua’s villa is in a better state of preservation than Howqua’s and on a more magnificent scale, covering several acres\u2026\u2026We ascended to the upper floor of the three storied pagoda, from the windows of which the whole surrounding was beautiful like a picture<\/span>.<\/span>[35]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c\u6f58\u5ead\u5b98\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u61c9\u70ba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff09\u57ce\u90ca\u5c45\u6240\u6bd4\u4f0d\u6d69\u5b98\u7684\u4fdd\u5b58\u5f97\u66f4\u70ba\u5b8c\u597d\u7684\u72c0\u614b\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u898f\u6a21\u66f4\u5927\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9054\u5e7e\u82f1\u755d\u2026\u2026\u6211\u5011\u767b\u4e0a\u4e09\u5c64\u5854\u7684\u9802\u5c64\uff0c\u5f9e\u7a97\u6236\u5411\u5916\u773a\u671b\uff0c\u5468\u570d\u7684\u666f\u7269\u50cf\u4e00\u5e45\u7f8e\u9e97\u7684\u5716\u756b\u201d\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\n

\u5c07\u5341\u4e09\u5f35\u5e36\u6709\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u76f8\u95dc\u6a19\u8a18\u7684\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u532f\u7e3d\uff0c\u5e8f\u5217\u70ba\u8868\uff08\u5716<\/span>1<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5254\u9664<\/span>1910<\/span>\u5e74\u91cd\u8907\u7684\u5169\u5f35\uff0c\u6709\u5341\u4e00\u5f35\uff0c\u6642\u9593\u8de8\u5ea6\u5728<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u5230<\/span>1888<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u53c8\u6709\u516b\u5f35\u662f\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u4e16\u7684\u6642\u5019\u520a\u5370\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u88fd\u5716\u8005\uff0c\u5982\uff1a\u9673\u6fa7\u3001\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u3001\u9673\u68e8\u7199\u3001<\/span>D. Vrooman<\/span>\u3001<\/span>J. Bartholomew<\/span>\u7b49\uff0c\u5176\u6240\u6a19\u793a\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5747\u5728\u5747\u5728\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u897f\u5074\uff0c\u4e14\u6240\u63cf\u7e6a\u908a\u754c\u7bc4\u570d\u53ca\u9762\u7a4d\u5927\u81f4\u76f8\u7576\u3002\u7d50\u5408\u7530\u8c6b\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u4fbf\u9762\u3001\u590f\u947e\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\uff0c\u756b\u4f5c\u5747\u662f\u8207\u5730\u5716\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u201c\u4e0a\u5317\u4e0b\u5357\uff0c\u5de6\u897f\u53f3\u6771\u201d\u65b9\u4f4d\u7e6a\u756b\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\u516d\u3001\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8207\u76f8\u9130\u79c1\u5712\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6e05\u4e7e\u9686\u5e74\u9593\uff08<\/span>1736<\/span>\u2014<\/span>1795<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u63da\u5dde\u5712\u6797\u9032\u5165\u5168\u76db\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9577\u9054\u5341\u516c\u91cc\u7684\u7626\u897f\u6e56\u5169\u5cb8\u5e36\u72c0\u5206\u4f48\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u3002\u6e05\u9053\u9e79\u5e74\u9593\uff08<\/span>1821<\/span>\u2014<\/span>1862<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u897f\u8354\u679d\u7063\u4e00\u5e36\uff0c\u6cbf\u67f3\u6ce2\u6d8c\u2014\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u2014\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u70ba\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u8588\u8403\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u7e2e\u5c0f\u7248\u7626\u897f\u6e56\u5712\u6797\u5e36\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u958b\u5efa\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u82e5\u5e72\u79c1\u4eba\u5712\u6797\u5b58\u5728\uff08\u8868<\/span>2<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u672c\u8868\u4e0e\u7eb8\u8d28\u8868\u7565\u6709\u5dee\u5f02\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u6771\u5074\u4ecd\u6709\u9ec3\u666f\u68e0\u5efa\u65bc<\/span>1902<\/span>\u5e74\u7684\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\uff0c\u9673\u6a3e\uff08<\/span>1886\u2014<\/span>\uff1f\uff09\u300a\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u8a18\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u4fee\u5efa\u7684\u7de3\u8d77\u53ca\u8207\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

\u8e35\u90b1\u6c0f\u8005\u8449\u96f2\u7a40\u3002\u8449\u6545\u8499\u4f88\uff0c\u571f\u6728\u7e41\u8208\uff0c\u9ede\u7db4\u4f73\u9e97\uff0c\u66f0\u201c\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u201d\uff0c\u5712\u4e2d\u5802\u69ad\u53c3\u932f\uff0c\u6709\u201c\u98a8\u6eff\u6a13\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6c34\u660e\u6a13\u201d\u3001\u201c\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u201d\u3001<\/span>“<\/span>\u4f47\u6708\u6a13\u201d\u3002\u6979\u6b04\u6a39\u77f3\uff0c\u7686\u96c5\u6d41\u6307\u756b\uff0c\u4ee4\u5404\u62b1\u5730\u52e2\u3002\u540c\u6642\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u9694\u6c34\u70ba\u9130\uff0c\u7336\u6975\u5712\u6797\u4e4b\u52dd\u3002\u6f58\u8449\u6587\u9152\u89f4\u8a60\uff0c\u81be\u7099\u4eba\u53e3\u3002\u540c\u5149\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u6b21\u7b2c\u96f6\u843d\u3002\u6642\u4e8b\u6f92\u6d1e\uff0c\u65bc\u4ee5\u8352\u5ee2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5149\u7dd2\u4e2d\u8449\uff0c\u81fa\u5c71\u752b\u7530\u9ec3\u516c\uff0c\u81ea\u6d77\u5916\u6b78\u3002\u6085\u5176\u5e7d\u5910\uff0c\u8cfc\u800c\u847a\u4e4b\u3002\u4ee4\u5176\u5b50\u8a54\u5e73\u3001\u5b50\u975c\u8b80\u66f8\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u7d04\u540d\u6d41\u7d50\u8a69\u793e\uff0c\u66f0\u201c\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u201d<\/span>,<\/span>\u5373\u201c\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u201d\u6545\u5740\u4e4b\u4e00\u90e8\u4e5f\u3002<\/span>[36]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6587\u4e2d\u7684\u8449\u96f2\u8c37\uff0c\u5373\u8449\u5922\u9f8d\uff0c\u5b57\u4ef2\u5c71\uff0c\u865f\u96f2\u7a40\uff0c\u70ba\u884c\u5546\u8449\u4e0a\u6797\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u3002\u5f9e\u4e0a\u6587\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u6240\u5728\uff0c\u662f\u8449\u5bb6\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u6545\u5740\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u672a\u96f6\u843d\u8352\u5ee2\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5176\u7bc4\u570d\u5317\u90e8\u5305\u62ec\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\uff0c\u897f\u5357\u908a\u754c\u5230\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u8207\u660c\u83ef\u6d8c\u4ea4\u754c\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u8449\u5bb6\u7684\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u53ef\u4ee5\u8207\u6f58\u5bb6\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u9694\u6c34\u70ba\u9130\u3002\u8449\u4e0a\u6797\u7684\u66fe\u5b6b\u8449\u5146\u843c\u5beb\u6709\u300a\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u53e4\u4eca\u9ad4\u8a69\u300b\uff0c\u81ea\u6ce8<\/span>:<\/span>\u201c\u4e88\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u8207\u6f58\u5712\u6bd4\u9130\u201d<\/span>[37]<\/span><\/span>\u3002\u6709\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u70ba\u9130\u76f8\u4f34\uff0c\u5176\u5f8c\u5efa\u8a2d\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4ea6\u672a\u81f4\u5728\u57ce\u90ca\u5b64\u61f8\u57ce\u5916\u3002\u884c\u5546\u6f58\u632f\u627f\u8207\u884c\u5546\u4f0d\u79c9\u9452\uff0c\u5728\u5ee3\u5dde\u6cb3\u5357\u9694\u6f31\u73e0\u6d8c\u800c\u7bc9\u5c45\u5ba4\u3001\u5712\u6797\uff0c\u6f58\u4f0d\u3001\u6f58\u8449\u9694\u6c34\u70ba\u9130\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n
\u540d\u58eb\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\uff08<\/span>1760\u20141831<\/span>\uff09\u8207\u8449\u5bb6\u591a\u6709\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u5f9e\u65e5\u8a18\u53ef\u77e5\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u7684\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u6700\u9072\u65bc<\/span>1819<\/span>\u5e74\u5df2\u7d93\u843d\u6210\u4e26\u6295\u5165\u4f7f\u7528\uff1a<\/span><\/section>\n

[<\/span>\u6e05\u5609\u6176\u5eff\u56db\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1819<\/span>\uff09\u5341\u6708<\/span>]\u00a0<\/span>\u5eff\u4e8c\u65e5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u6674\u3002\u5230\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u966a\u5341\u4e09\u5144\u5e2d\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u81ea\u5728\u822a\u807d\u66f2\u3002<\/span>[38]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[<\/span>\u6e05\u5609\u6176\u5eff\u4e94\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1820<\/span>\uff09\u4e94\u6708<\/span>]\u00a0<\/span>\u5eff\u4e09\u65e5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u6674\u3002\u6977\u5c4f\u4f86\u65e9\u98ef\uff0c\u96a8\u8207\u51fa\u57ce\u904e\u8a2a\u9298\u5c71\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u8cde\u8377\uff0c\u5beb\u5c0f\u756b\u6578\u5e45\uff0c\u4e3b\u4eba\u4e43\u81f3\uff0c\u5ba2\u4ea6\u8584\u66ae\u65b9\u96c6\u3002<\/span>[39]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u8449\u61c9\u967d\uff08<\/span>1803<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1848<\/span>\uff09\uff0c<\/span>\u5b57\u6a39\u8072\uff0c\u865f\u8517\u7530\uff0c\u70ba<\/span>\u8449\u4e0a\u6797\u7684\u5b6b\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee5\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u70ba\u540d\uff0c\u8457\u6709\u300a\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u8a69\u300b\uff0c\u523b\u6709\u300a\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u96c6\u5e16\u300b\u3002\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716\u300b\u9577\u5377\u6709\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210<\/span>\u984c\u8b58<\/span>\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u8449\u61c9\u967d\u984c\u8a69\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u6f58\u8449\u4ea4\u60c5\u3002\u8449\u61c9\u967d\u7684\u5973\u5152\u8207\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u540c\u8f29\u65cf\u89aa\u6f58\u6055\u7d50\u70ba\u79e6\u6649\uff08\u6f58\u8449\u5169\u65cf\u95dc\u4fc2\u898b\u201c\u8868<\/span>3<\/span>\u201d\uff09\u3002\u662f\u6545\uff0c\u6f58\u98db\u8072\uff08<\/span>1858<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1934<\/span>\uff09\u96f2<\/span>:<\/span>\u201c\u5916\u7956\u8449\u8517\u7530\u516c\uff08\u61c9\u967d\uff09\u2026\u2026\u6240\u523b\u300a\u8015\u971e\u6eaa\u9928\u96c6\u5e16\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u7cbe\u7f8e\u5728\u543e\u5bb6\u807d\u5e06\u6a13\u3001\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u5433\u6c0f\u7b60\u6e05\u9928\u8af8\u5e16\u4e4b\u4e0a\u201d<\/span>[40]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/section>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u76f4\u5230<\/span>1854<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8a69\u4eba\u5f35\u7dad\u5c4f\uff08<\/span>1780<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1859<\/span>\uff09\u904e\u8354\u679d\u7063\uff0c\u4f5c\u8a69\u300a\u4e94\u6708\u5341\u4e09\u65e5\u738b\u606d\u4e09\u523a\u53f2\u62db\u540c\u6881\u5137\u88f3\u592a\u53f2\u5b6b\u9038\u8fb2\u5225\u99d5\u6c5f\u96e8\u6751\u5927\u4ee4\u6cdb\u821f\u904a\u8354\u7063\u606d\u4e09\u9038\u8fb2\u8a69\u5148\u6210\u7686\u7d55\u53e5\u56db\u9996\u9918\u4ea6\u7e7c\u8072\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u9996\u8a60\u201c\u8449\u5bb6\u65b0\u7bc9\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u201d\uff0c\u53ef\u77e5\u5176\u6642\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u4ecd\u5728\u64f4\u5efa\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u904a\u4eba\u6307\u9ede\u6f58\u5712\u88cf\uff0c\u842c\u7da0\u53e2\u4e2d\u4e00\u95a3\u5c0a<\/span>\u6f58\u5712\u6709\u96ea\u95a3\uff0c\u9ad8\u6578\u767e\u5c3a<\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u5225\u6709\u4ead\u53f0\u582a\u9060\u773a\uff0c\u8449\u5bb6\u65b0\u7bc9\u5c0f\u7530\u5712<\/span>\u8449\u5712\u540d\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\uff0c\u6709\u53f0\u53ef\u671b\u9060<\/span>\u3002<\/span>[41]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5927\u6982\u5728\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\uff08<\/span>1875<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>1908<\/span>\uff09<\/span>\u4e2d\u5f8c\u671f\uff0c\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u5448\u73fe\u7834\u843d\u3002\u5357\u90e8\u88c2\u70ba\u5f6d\u5712\uff0c\u5317\u90e8\u6613\u70ba\u5c0f\u756b\u822b\u9f4b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u958b\u7bc9\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9130\u8fd1\u4e0d\u4f46\u6709\u8449\u6c0f\u7684\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u90b1\u6c0f\u7684\u866f\u73e0\u5712\u3002\u866f\u73e0\u5712\u5712\u4e3b\u90b1\u7199\uff0c\u5b57\u6d69\u5ddd\uff0c\u70ba\u82f1\u570b\u6771\u5370\u5ea6\u516c\u53f8\u8cb7\u8fa6\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u628a\u725b\u75d8\u91ab\u8853\u5f15\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\uff0c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u53c8\u5c07\u7a2e\u725b\u75d8\u4e4b\u8853\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u63a8\u5ee3\u3002\u90b1\u7199\u5728\u5712\u4e2d\u7684\u64d8\u8354\u4ead\u958b\u8a69\u793e\uff0c\u5f81\u8a69\u6709\u5343\u9918\u9996\u3002\u540d\u58eb\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u591a\u6b21\u4f5c\u5ba2\u90b1\u5712\uff0c\u90b1\u7199\u4ea6\u89aa\u81ea\u4e0a\u9580\u70ba\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u9577\u5b6b\u7a2e\u75d8\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

[<\/span>\u6e05\u9053\u5149\u4e8c\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1822<\/span>\uff09\u4e94\u6708<\/span>]<\/span>\u5341\u4e94\u65e5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u2026\u2026\u5348\u5f8c\u5230\u8377\u9999\u9928\u6703\u96c6\u8af8\u541b\u5230\u64d8\u8354\u4ead\uff0c\u904a\u4eba\u9817\u773e\u3002\u4e3b\u4eba\u90b1\u6d69\u5ddd\u4ea6\u8acb\u5ba2\u518d\u5165\u677e\u9670\uff0c\u53c8\u5230\u82b8\u5703\u8354\u570d\u5556\u8354\uff0c\u56de\u8239\u98f2\u8377\u9999\u9928\uff0c\u807d\u5357\u66f2\uff0c\u5e2d\u8a2d\u6708\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c07\u4e09\u9f13\uff0c\u5ba2\u6563\u4e43\u5be2\u3002<\/span>[42]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

[<\/span>\u6e05\u9053\u5149\u516d\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1826<\/span>\uff09\u4e8c\u6708<\/span>]\u00a0<\/span>\u5eff\u4e09\u65e5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u6674\uff0c\u70ba\u90b1\u6d69\u5ddd\u5beb\u300a\u8354\u5712\u5716\u300b\uff0c\u5df2\u843d\u58a8\u5c07\u5c31\u2026\u2026<\/span>[43]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1823<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u866f\u73e0\u5712\u6700\u8f1d\u714c\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u5169\u5ee3\u7e3d\u7763\u962e\u5143\u516d\u5341\u5927\u58fd\uff0c\u99d5\u821f\u89aa\u81e8\uff0c\u6539\u5712\u540d\u70ba\uff1a\u5510\u8354\u5712\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u4e4b\u8ce6\u8a69\u300a\u5510\u8354\u5712\u300b\u3002\u5510\u8354\u5712\u8870\u6557\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8449\u5146\u843c\u4f5c\u300a\u5510\u8354\u5712\u611f\u820a\u8a69\u300b\u8ffd\u61b6\u6545\u5712\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8352\u4ead\u6545\u5740\u8349\u840b\u840b\uff0c\u91ce\u6a39\u6a6b\u659c\u9ce5\u4e82\u557c\u3002\u82d4\u8272\u7da0\u4fb5\u66f9\u5b50\u77f3\uff0c\u67f3\u75d5\u9752\u9396\u912d\u516c\u5824\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u71d5\u5de2\u5bc2\u5bc2\u79cb\u7159\u6697\uff0c\u86d9\u9f13\u8072\u8072\u5915\u7167\u4f4e\u3002\u66e9\u65e5\u962e\u516c\u984c\u8a60\u8655\uff0c\u671d\u98a8\u66ae\u96e8\u7e3d\u6dd2\u8ff7\u3002<\/span>[44]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6839\u64da\u6b64\u8a69\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u4e26\u672a\u56ca\u62ec\u201c\u66e9\u65e5\u962e\u516c\u984c\u8a60\u8655\u201d\u7684\u5510\u8354\u5712\u6240\u5728\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8207\u5510\u8354\u5712\u540c\u4e00\u6642\u671f\u5efa\u6210\u7684\u53e6\u6709\u674e\u79c9\u6587\u7684\u666f\u8607\u5712\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u9760\u8fd1\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\uff0c\u6700\u9072\u6d88\u5931\u65bc<\/span>1886<\/span>\u5e74\u3002\u8a69\u4eba\u9673\u749e\u300a\u4e19\u620c\uff08<\/span>1886<\/span>\uff09\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u767b\u9ad8\u6b21\u8b5a\u5f64\u58eb\u5de5\u90e8\u97fb\u300b\u6709\u53e5\u96f2\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5c0f\u6a13\u5e78\u672a\u9010\u84bf\u840a\uff0c\u5076\u501f\u767b\u9ad8\u4ea6\u5feb\u54c9\u3002\u5377\u7b94\u6ae8\u8072\u6416\u5ba2\u5230\uff0c\u9694\u6c5f\u5c71\u8272\u9001\u79cb\u4f86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u62db\u9080\u820a\u96e8\u9084\u4eca\u96e8\uff0c\u721b\u6f2b\u6df1\u676f\u8207\u6dfa\u686e\u3002\u83ab\u5411\u9130\u5712\u611f\u8208\u5ee2<\/span>\u53f3\u70ba\u666f\u8607\u5712\uff0c\u5de6\u5247\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u4eca\u7686\u6545\u8dbe\u77e3<\/span>\uff0c\u5289\u738b\u4ead\u82d1\u65e9\u98db\u57c3\u3002<\/span>[45]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7e7c\u8d77\u7684\u6709\u5f6d\u5712\u3001\u9673\u5712<\/span>[46]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span>1885<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u8a69\u4eba\u9673\u749e\u904e\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u8a2d\u5e2d\uff0c\u5176\u6642\uff0c\u9673\u5712\u5df2\u7d93\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u300a\u4e59\u9149\uff08<\/span>1885<\/span>\uff09\u56db\u6708\u6d74\u4f5b\u4f0d\u8944\u537f\u4e03\u5341\u58fd\u8fb0\u7f6e\u9152\u62db\u540c\u5152\u8f29\u96c6\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\u6b21\u97fb\u300b\u6709\u8a18\u8ff0\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u6eaa\u908a\u96a8\u5730\u6709\u6797\u5712\uff0c\u4efb\u5b50\u82b1\u524d\u5012\u9152\u6a3d\u3002\u521d\u64ec\u8377\u4ead\u6295\u7af9\u6756<\/span>\u521d\u7d04\u8a2d\u5e2d\u9673\u5712\uff0c\u53e9\u9580\u4e0d\u958b\uff0c\u56e0\u79fb\u5e2d\u5c0f\u7530\u5712<\/span>\uff0c\u9084\u904e\u67f3\u6e21\u53e9\u67f4\u9580\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8ed2\u7a97\u76e1\u555f\u5b9c\u9577\u590f\uff0c\u96de\u9ecd\u76f8\u9080\u8d81\u665a\u98e7\u3002\u4eba\u4e16\u83ef\u7b75\u4ecb\u7709\u58fd\uff0c\u4eca\u541b\u771f\u89ba\u5c40\u65b0\u7ffb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

1900<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u6f58\u98db\u8072\u904a\u89bd\u6cee\u5858\uff0c\u5f9e\u4f2f\u7956\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u3001\u5916\u7956\u6bcd\u5bb6\u7684\u5c0f\u7530\u5712\uff0c\u5747\u662f\u5152\u6642\u5b09\u6232\u904e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5148\u5f8c\u6557\u843d\u4e0d\u5b58\uff0c\u96e3\u514d\u6709\u4e00\u756a\u7737\u6200\u4e4b\u60c5\uff0c\u4f5c\u300a\u651c\u5bb6\u904a\u534a\u5858\u5f97\u8a69\u516b\u9996\u300b\u611f\u61f7\u3002\u5f9e<\/span>1888<\/span>\u5e74\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u57ce\u5168\u5716\u2022\u9673\u6c0f\u66f8\u9662\u5730\u5716\u300b\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.8<\/span>\uff09\u53ef\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u9996\u8a18\u53ca\u7684\u5f6d\u5712\u8207\u9673\u5712\u9694\u6c34\u70ba\u9130\u60c5\u5f62\u4e92\u8b49\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5f6d\u5712\u9694\u6c34\u53c8\u9673\u5712\uff0c\u90fd\u5411\u543e\u5bb6\u756b\u672c\u7ffb\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7336\u6709\u7576\u5e74\u7d05\u881f\u77f3\uff0c\u528d\u75d5\u529a\u8655\u8840\u6591\u5b58\u3002<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8a66\u528d\u77f3\u4eca\u79fb\u4e8e\u5f6d\u6c0f\u5712\u77e3\u3002<\/span>[47]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u539f\u6709\u8a66\u528d\u77f3\uff0c\u77f3\u4e0a\u523b\u6709\u201c\u6c38\u93ae\u6f58\u5712\u201d<\/span>[48]<\/span><\/span>\uff0c\u5bc4\u5bd3\u8457\u5712\u4e3b\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u50b3\u627f\u767e\u4e16\u7684\u7948\u9858\uff0c\u672a\u60f3\u5712\u56e0\u4eba\u69ae\uff0c\u5712\u56e0\u4eba\u5ee2\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u4e03\u3001\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4eca\u4eba\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u8868\u8ff0\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c0e\u81f4\u5c0d\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5712\u9762\u7a4d\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u843d\u5dee\u3002\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u3001\u66fe\u61b2\u73ca\u5728\u300a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c0f\u8b70\u300b\u8a18\u70ba\u201c\u7d04\u70ba<\/span>7<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u4ee5\u4e0a\u201d\uff1b\u9ec3\u6f22\u7db1\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6587\u7269\u67e5\u8a2a\u8a18\u300b\u3001\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u7684\u300a\u5357\u570b\u540d\u5712<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\u5247\u8a18\u70ba\u201c\u6578\u767e\u755d\u201d\uff0c\u4ee5\u6700\u4f4e\u503c\u4e09\u767e\u755d\uff0c\u5247\u5360\u5730\u81f3\u5c11\u5728<\/span>20<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u7c73\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/span>\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u5728\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u884c\u5546\u5ead\u5712\u300b\u66f4\u662f\u8a18\u70ba<\/span>40<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u66fe\u89aa\u8eab\u904a\u89bd\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u5247\u6709\u66f4\u70ba\u4fdd\u5b88\u7684\u8a18\u9304\uff0c<\/span>Dennys<\/span>\u7684\u300a<\/span>The Treaty Ports of China and Japan<\/span>\u300b\u548c<\/span>\u00a0Bonney<\/span>\u7684\u300a<\/span>A Legacy of Historical Gleanings<\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u8a18\u70ba\u201c<\/span>several acres<\/span>\u201d\uff08\u5e7e\u82f1\u755d\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u82f1\u755d\u5408<\/span>4046.86<\/span>\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u82e5<\/span>3<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>9<\/span>\u82f1\u755d\uff0c\u5408<\/span>1.2<\/span>\uff0d<\/span>3.6<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u65b9\u5fd7\u7684\u520a\u5370\u6108\u70ba\u9060\u96e2\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u6d88\u5931\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5247\u6108\u52a0\u6ea2\u7f8e\u3002\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u2022\u5377\u4e8c\u5341\u516d\u300b\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u201c\u6f58\u5fb7\u8f3f\u4ed5\u6210\u4ee5\u9e7d\u8d77\u5bb6\uff0c\u81f4\u5de8\u5bcc\uff0c\u6709\u5225\u696d\u5728\u6cee\u5858\uff0c\u66f0\u2018\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u2019\uff0c\u57a3\u7e5a\u56db\u5468\uff0c\u5ee3\u8fd1\u767e\u755d\u3002\u201d\u6c11\u570b\u7248\u300a\u756a\u79ba\u7e23\u7e8c\u5fd7\u2022\u5377\u56db\u5341\u300b\u8a18\u8f09\uff1a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u53c8\u540d\u8354\u9999\u5712\uff0c\u5728\u57ce\u897f\u8354\u679d\u7063\uff0c\u9091\u4eba\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u5225\u696d\u3002\u6c60\u5ee3\u5712\u5bec\uff0c\u7d05\u8556\u842c\u67c4\uff0c\u98a8\u5eca\u7159\u6f35\uff0c\u8fe4\u9090\u5341\u9918\u91cc\uff0c\u70ba\u5dba\u5357\u5712\u6797\u4e4b\u51a0\u3002\u9580\u806f\u96f2\uff1a\u2018\u6d77\u4e0a\u795e\u5c71\uff0c\u4ed9\u4eba\u820a\u9928\u2019\uff0c\u96c6\u53e5\u5929\u6210\uff0c\u4e00\u6642\u904a\u5ba2\u7a31\u76db\u3002\u4eca\u572e\u3002\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8332\u5c07\u4e2d\u5916\u6587\u737b\u95dc\u65bc\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u9762\u7a4d\u8868\u8ff0\u532f\u7e3d\u70ba\u4e0b\u8868\uff08\u8868<\/span>4<\/span>\uff09\uff1a<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\n

\u5f9e\u6a19\u6709\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u908a\u754c\u7dda\u7684\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u5716\u6e2c\u7b97\u5176\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\u66f4\u70ba\u5ba2\u89c0\u3002\u9112\u4f2f\u5947\u5728\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u2022\u5377\u4e00\u300b\u4e2d\u5beb\u5230\uff0c\u5730\u5716\u201c\u95cc\u5916\u756b\u5c0f\u683c\uff0c\u6bcf\u683c\u70ba\u4e00\u91cc\uff0c\u4ee5\u53d6\u8a08\u91cc\u4e4b\u4fbf\u201d\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u4e00\u91cc\u70ba<\/span>500<\/span>\u7c73\u3002\u56de\u770b\u540c\u6cbb\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u2022\u5377\u4e00\u300b\u201c\u6a6b\u56db\u7e31\u4e00\u5716\u201d\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.6<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5730\u5716\u5de6\u5074\u53ca\u4e0b\u65b9\u5747\u756b\u6709\u5c0f\u683c\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6771\u897f\u9577\u5ea6\u53ca\u5357\u5317\u9577\u5ea6\u90fd\u5728\u5716\u6846\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u683c\u9577\u5ea6\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u9577\u5bec\u503c\u5728<\/span>500<\/span>\u7c73\u4e4b\u5167\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u9762\u7a4d\u4e0a\u9650\u5728<\/span>25<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u5728\u66f4\u65e9\u671f\u7684<\/span>1855<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.9<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>1858<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.10<\/span>\uff09\u3001<\/span>1862<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\uff08\u5716<\/span>5.12<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u5730\u5716\u908a\u6846\u6bcf\u5c0f\u683c\u5247\u53d6\u6bd4\u4f8b\u503c\u70ba<\/span>1000<\/span>\u82f1\u5c3a\uff0c\u5408<\/span>304.8<\/span>\u7c73\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6771\u897f\u9577\u5ea6\u53ca\u5357\u5317\u9577\u5ea6\u7d04\u5728\u5716\u6846\u7684\u4e00\u5c0f\u683c\u7684\u9577\u5ea6\u7bc4\u570d\u5de6\u53f3\uff0c\u4e5f\u5373\u9577\u5bec\u503c\u5728<\/span>304.8<\/span>\u7c73\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u9762\u7a4d\u4e0a\u9650\u5728<\/span>9<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u7d50\u5408\u4e0a\u8ff0\u4e2d\u5916\u6587\u737b\u53ca\u5404\u7a2e\u7248\u672c\u5730\u5716\uff0c\u63a1\u7528<\/span>1860<\/span>\u5e74\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u5ee3\u5dde\u5730\u5716\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u8f2a\u5ed3\u7dda\uff0c\u6309\u6bd4\u4f8b\u7e6a\u756b\u65bc<\/span>1:30<\/span>\u842c\u5f69\u8272\u885b\u661f\u5f71\u50cf\u5716\u4e0a\uff08\u5716<\/span>7.1<\/span>\uff09\uff0c\u7d93\u8003\u8b49\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u56ca\u62ec\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u897f\u5357\u7684\u5982\u610f\u6e56\u5168\u90e8\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5357\u90e8\u3001\u897f\u90e8\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u584a\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u63a8\u5b9a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u56db\u81f3\uff1a\u6771\u908a\u53ca\u5317\u908a\u4ee5\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u70ba\u754c\uff0c\u897f\u908a\u4ee5\u9ec3\u6c99\u5927\u9053\u897f\u5074\u8def\u908a\u7dda\u70ba\u754c\uff0c\u5357\u908a\u4ee5\u8354\u7063\u6e56\u516c\u5712\u5357\u908a\u7dda\u70ba\u754c\uff0c\u4e26\u5411\u6771\u5357\u5ef6\u4f38\u81f3\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u8207\u4e0a\u897f\u95dc\u6d8c\u4ea4\u754c\u9ede\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u7684\u897f\u5317\u89d2\u8354\u7063\u6d8c\u5c0d\u5cb8\u539f\u70ba\u6cee\u5858\u6d8c\u53e3\u4e0a\u8857\u8207\u6cee\u5858\u6d8c\u53e3\u6a6b\u8857\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\uff08\u6b64\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\u5df2\u70ba\u4e00\u591a\u5c64\u5efa\u7bc9\u6240\u4f54\u64da\uff09\uff0c\u4ea4\u532f\u9ede\u4ee5\u5317\u7684\u6cee\u5858\u6d8c\u53e3\u6a6b\u8857\u5373\u6e05\u4ee3\u5730\u5716\u4e2d\u7684\u897f\u5317\u652f\u6d41\u6240\u5728\u3002\u6e2c\u7b97\u7684\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u908a\u9577\uff1a\u6771\u897f\u9577<\/span>315<\/span>\u7c73\u3001\u5357\u5317\u9577<\/span>295<\/span>\u7c73\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u5468\u9577\u7d04<\/span>1000<\/span>\u7c73\uff0c\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\u7d04<\/span>6.5<\/span>\u842c\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u5408<\/span>97.5<\/span>\u755d\u3002\u9762\u7a4d\u8cc7\u6599<\/span>\u8207\u5ba3\u7d71\u7248\u300a\u7e8c\u4fee\u5357\u6d77\u7e23\u8a8c\u300b\u7684\u201c\u5ee3\u8fd1\u767e\u755d\u201d\u751a\u70ba\u76f8\u8fd1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u91d1\u5b78\u667a\u7684<\/span>\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5712\u6797\u7f8e\u5b78\u300b\u4ecb\u7d39\u5230\u8607\u5dde\u5712\u6797\u7684\u9762\u7a4d\uff0c\u62d9\u653f\u5712<\/span>62<\/span>\u755d\uff0c\u6ec4\u6d6a\u4ead<\/span>16<\/span>\u755d\uff0c\u6021\u5712<\/span>9<\/span>\u755d\uff0c\u201c\u5f9e\u7e3d\u9ad4\u4e0a\u8aaa\uff0c\u5dba\u5357\u5b85\u5712\u6bd4\u6c5f\u5357\u5b85\u5712\u9762\u7a4d\u66f4\u5c0f\uff0c\u56b4\u683c\u5730\u8aaa\u53ea\u80fd\u7a31\u70ba\u5ead\u5712\u3002\u756a\u79ba\u4f59\u852d\u5c71\u623f\u7b97\u662f\u5927\u7684\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u755d\uff1b\u6771\u839e\u53ef\u5712\u4e5f\u53ea\u6709\u4e09\u755d\u591a\u2026\u2026\u201d<\/span>[49]<\/span><\/span>\u3002<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u82e5\u4ecd\u7136\u5b58\u4e16\uff0c\u5ee3\u8fd1\u767e\u755d\u7684\u5360\u5730\u9762\u7a4d\u8207\u8607\u5dde\u5712\u6797\u76f8\u6bd4\u6beb\u4e0d\u905c\u8272\uff0c\u4ea6\u80fd\u6539\u8b8a\u4e16\u4eba\u5c0d\u5dba\u5357\u5712\u6797\u5c0f\u5de7\u73b2\u74cf\u7684\u611f\u89c0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u5716<\/span>7.1\u00a0<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u56db\u81f3\u5716\uff08\u7b46\u8005\u88fd\u5716\uff09<\/span><\/p>\n

\u516b\u3001\u7d50\u8a9e<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u7684\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\u6536\u9304\u5b8b\u4ee3\u674e\u683c\u975e\uff08\u674e\u6e05\u7167\u7684\u7236\u89aa\uff09\u6240\u64b0\u300a\u6d1b\u967d\u540d\u5712\u8a18\u300b\uff0c\u66f8\u4e2d\u501f\u5510\u8af7\u5b8b\uff1a\u4e14\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u6cbb\u4e82\uff0c\u5019\u65bc\u6d1b\u967d\u4e4b\u76db\u8870\u800c\u77e5\uff1b\u6d1b\u967d\u4e4b\u76db\u8870\uff0c\u5019\u65bc\u5712\u5703\u4e4b\u5ee2\u8208\u800c\u5f97\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u7684\u5ee2\u8208\u8207\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u7684\u76db\u8870\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\u3002<\/span>1842<\/span>\u5e74\u4e2d\u82f1\u7c3d\u7f72\u300a\u5357\u4eac\u689d\u7d04\u300b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5c0d\u6b50\u7f8e\u7684\u4e00\u53e3\u901a\u5546\u9ad4\u7cfb\uff08<\/span>Canton System<\/span>\uff09\u88ab\u5ee2\u9664\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u91cd\u5fc3\u7531\u5ee3\u5dde\u5317\u9077\u4e0a\u6d77\u3002\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u5ee3\u6771\u884c\u5546\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e5f\u6f38\u8da8\u6c92\u843d\u3002\u884c\u5546\u8ca0\u50b5\u7834\u7522\uff0c\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u4e0d\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\uff0c\u537b\u662f\u6700\u70ba\u8f5f\u52d5\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\u8449\u884c\u5546\u7ff9\u695a\u7684\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\uff0c\u5546\u6d77\u6d6e\u6c89\uff0c\u798d\u798f\u83ab\u6e2c\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u8cc7\u4e0d\u62b5\u50b5\uff0c\u5c0e\u81f4\u66fe\u7d93\u898b\u8b49\u5341\u4e09\u884c\u8cbf\u6613\u7578\u5f62\u8f1d\u714c\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u540d\u5712\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u88ab\u653f\u5e9c\u62cd\u8ce3\u3002\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5b58\u4e16\u50c5\u4e09\u5341\u9918\u5e74\uff0c\u6545\u5740\u5b9b\u82e5\u6d41\u661f\uff0c\u4e00\u9583\u800c\u904e\uff0c\u4e00\u4f75\u6d88\u5931\u7684\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u523b\u6709\u201c\u6c38\u93ae\u6f58\u5712\u201d\u5b57\u6a23\u7684\u7d05\u81d8\u77f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

2020<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>6<\/span>\u6708<\/span>30<\/span>\u65e5\u5beb\u4e8e\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u7436\u6d32\u6751\u8292\u679c\u5712<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\n

[1]<\/span><\/span>\u9ad8\u5289\u6fe4\uff0c\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u300a\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c<\/span>P52<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[2]<\/span><\/span>\u674e\u9f4a\u5ff5\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u5b58\u7a3f\u9078\u7de8<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>9<\/span>\u8f2f\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u53f2\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 2008.05<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P16-19<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]<\/span><\/span>\u9f94\u5fd7\u938f\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u897f\u95dc\u58eb\u7d33\u548c\u6587\u703e\u66f8\u9662\u300b\u3002\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u6c11\u653f\u6cbb\u5354\u5546\u6703\u8b70\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>12<\/span>\u8f2f\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 1964.10<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P162<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]<\/span><\/span>\u6f58\u5ee3\u6176\u300a\u7368\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u897f\u95dc\u5927\u5c4b\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u653f\u5354\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8354\u7063\u5340\u653f\u5354\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>35<\/span>\u8f2f\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 1986.08<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P113<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]<\/span><\/span>\u6f58\u5ee3\u6176\uff0c\u300a\u7368\u5177\u7279\u8272\u7684\u897f\u95dc\u5927\u5c4b\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8354\u7063\u5340\u653f\u5354\u6587\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7de8\uff0c<\/span>1991.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P203<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u6f22\u7db1\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6587\u7269\u67e5\u8a2a\u8a18\u300b\uff0c\u7f85\u96e8\u6797\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u8354\u7063\u98a8\u91c7\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\uff1a\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1996.01<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P97<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u4ee5\u6c9b\u3001\u9673\u79c0\u745b\uff0c\u300a\u6f58\u4ed5\u6210\u8207\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u77f3\u523b\u300b\uff0c\u7f85\u96e8\u6797\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u8354\u7063\u98a8\u91c7\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\uff1a\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1996.01<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P113-114<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]<\/span><\/span>\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u3001\u66fe\u61b2\u73ca\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c0f\u8b70\u300b<\/span>\uff0c\u300a\u7f8a\u57ce\u4eca\u53e4\u300b<\/span>1997<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u671f\uff0c<\/span>P14-15<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u570b\u540d\u5712<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8354\u7063\u5340\u5730\u65b9\u8a8c\u7de8\u7e82\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5225\u6709\u6df1\u60c5\u5bc4\u8354\u7063<\/span>\u5ee3\u5dde\u897f\u95dc\u6587\u5316\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u6587\u9078\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5730\u5716\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1998.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P136-137<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u6fa4\u6cd3\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5357\u570b\u5091\u69cb<\/span>\u5ee3\u5dde\u5efa\u7bc9\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2018.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P373<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]<\/span><\/span>\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8354\u7063\u5340\u6587\u5316\u5c40\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u7f8e\u8853\u9928\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u540d\u5712\u62fe\u8403\u300b\uff0c\u82b1\u57ce\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1999.09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P13<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[12]<\/span><\/span>\u5433\u6176\u6d32\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u5efa\u7bc9\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5730\u5716\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2000.03<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P205<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]<\/span><\/span>\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u884c\u5546\u5ead\u5712\u300b\uff0c\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u79d1\u6280\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2003.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P344<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]<\/span><\/span>\u9678\u7426\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u5712\u6797\u300b\uff0c<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>5<\/span>\u671f\uff0c<\/span>P74<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]<\/span><\/span>\u9ad8\u5289\u6fe4\uff0c\u78a9\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u300a\u884c\u5546\u5712\u6797\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c<\/span>P22<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]<\/span><\/span>\u8a31\u79ae\u5e73\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53ca<\/span><<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716<\/span>><\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u5f90\u4fca\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u638c\u6545\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e94\u96c6\uff09\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c<\/span>2019-10<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P183<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]<\/span><\/span>\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u884c\u5546\u5ead\u5712\u300b\uff0c\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u83ab\u4f2f\u6cbb\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u79d1\u6280\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2003.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P340<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]<\/span><\/span>\u5f6d\u96e8\u65b0\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u571f\u5730\u958b\u58be\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u5f59\u7de8\u300b\uff0c\u6b66\u6f22\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1992.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P176<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u91d1\u7530\u8b6f\uff0c\u300a\u81e8\u6642\u81fa\u7063\u820a\u6163\u8abf\u67e5\u6703<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u90e8\u8abf\u67e5\u7b2c\u4e09\u56de\u5831\u544a\u66f8<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u81fa\u7063\u79c1\u6cd5<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u5377\u300b\uff0c<\/span>1990.06<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P156<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P574<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]<\/span><\/span>\u51bc\u528d\u6c11\uff0c\u9673\u9d3b\u921e\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u7891\u523b\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2006.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P1202-1203<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]<\/span><\/span>\u4f5b\u5c71\u5e02\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u6574\u7406\uff1b\u51bc\u5bf6\u5e79\u7de8\u7e82\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u570b\u4f5b\u5c71\u5fe0\u7fa9\u9109\u5fd7<\/span>\u6821\u6ce8\u672c<\/span>\u4e0a\u300b\uff0c\u5dbd\u9e93\u66f8\u793e<\/span>, 2017.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P88<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]<\/span><\/span>\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u7acb\u4e2d\u5c71\u5716\u66f8\u9928\uff0c\u4e2d\u5c71\u5927\u5b78\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u7de8\uff1b\u6851\u5175\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u7a3f\u9214\u672c<\/span>\u516d\u7de8<\/span>\u7b2c<\/span>287<\/span>\u518a\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 2014.10<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P239<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]<\/span><\/span>\u8a31\u79ae\u5e73\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53ca<\/span><<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716<\/span>><\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u5f90\u4fca\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u638c\u6545\uff08\u7b2c\u4e94\u96c6\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c<\/span>2019<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>P189<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]<\/span><\/span>\u8a31\u79ae\u5e73\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u53ca<\/span><<\/span>\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u5716<\/span>><\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u5f90\u4fca\u4e3b\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u638c\u6545\uff08\u7b2c\u4e94\u96c6\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u83ef\u66f8\u5c40\uff0c<\/span>2019<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>P200<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P320<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[27]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u4ee5\u6c9b\uff0c\u300a\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u6587\u5316\u6210\u5c31\u8207\u5f71\u97ff\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\u5e02\u8354\u7063\u5340\u5730\u65b9\u8a8c\u7de8\u7e82\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u5225\u6709\u6df1\u60c5\u5bc4\u8354\u7063<\/span>\u5ee3\u5dde\u897f\u95dc\u6587\u5316\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u6587\u9078\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u7701\u5730\u5716\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1998.04<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P126<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[28]<\/span><\/span>\u9678\u7426\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u5712\u6797\u300b\uff0c<\/span>2008<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>5<\/span>\u671f\uff0c<\/span>P74<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]<\/span><\/span>WILLIAM C. HUNTER<\/span>\uff0c\u300a<\/span>Bits of Old China<\/span>\u300b\uff0c<\/span>LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., i PATERNOSTER SQUARE<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P79<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[30]<\/span><\/span>\u66fe\u662d\u74bf\u3001\u66fe\u61b2\u73ca\uff0c\u300a\u201c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u201d\u5730\u5740\u5c0f\u8b70\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u7f8a\u57ce\u4eca\u53e4\u300b<\/span>1997<\/span>\u5e74\u7b2c<\/span>2<\/span>\u671f\uff0c<\/span>P15<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[31]<\/span><\/span>\u9673\u5764\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5dba\u5357\u96dc\u4e8b\u8a69\u9214\u7b8b\u8b49\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2014.01<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P62<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[32]<\/span><\/span>\u6797\u8cb4\u6dfb\uff0c\u300a\u5bcc\u6587\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u5730\u5716\u4e4b\u8fa8\u2014\u2014\u517c\u5f9e\u5730\u5716\u770b<\/span>19<\/span>\u4e16\u7d00<\/span>70<\/span>\u5e74\u4ee3\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5dba\u5357\u6587\u53f2\u300b\uff0c<\/span>2020<\/span>\u5e74\uff08\u7b2c<\/span>1<\/span>\u671f\uff09\uff0c<\/span>P58<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]<\/span><\/span>WILLIAM C. HUNTER<\/span>\uff0c\u300a<\/span>Bits of Old China<\/span>\u300b\uff0c<\/span>LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, & CO., i PATERNOSTER SQUARE<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P78-80<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[34]<\/span><\/span>Nicholas Belfield DENNYS<\/span>\uff0c\u300a<\/span>The Treaty Ports of China and Japan<\/span>\u300b\uff0c<\/span>Tr<\/span>\u00fc<\/span>bner & Company<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P147<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[35]<\/span><\/span>Bonney<\/span>\uff0c\u300a<\/span>A Legacy of Historical Gleanings<\/span>\u300b<\/span>Volume\u00a0<\/span>\u2161\uff0c<\/span>1875<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>P312<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[36]<\/span><\/span>\u9999\u6e2f\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u6587\u5f81\u300b\u7de8\u5370\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u6771\u6587\u5f81\u7e8c\u7de8\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u518a\uff0c<\/span>1987<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c<\/span>P91<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[37]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u5dde\uff1a\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P321<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5e38\u60fa\u60fa\u9f4b\u65e5\u8a18<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u5916\u56db\u7a2e\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 2014.09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P19<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[39]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5e38\u60fa\u60fa\u9f4b\u65e5\u8a18<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u5916\u56db\u7a2e\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>\u00a0, 2014.09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P35<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[40]<\/span><\/span>\u6f58\u98db\u8072\uff0c\u300a\u5728\u5c71\u6cc9\u8a69\u8a71\u300b\uff0c\u5377\u4e09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]<\/span><\/span>\u5f35\u7dad\u5c4f\uff0c<\/span>\u300a\u8349\u5802\u96c6\u5377\u56db\u300b\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u8a69\u6587\u96c6\u5f59\u7de8\u300b\u7de8\u7e82\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u7de8\uff0c\u300a\u6e05\u4ee3\u8a69\u6587\u96c6\u5f59\u7de8<\/span>533<\/span>\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2010.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P342<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[42]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5e38\u60fa\u60fa\u9f4b\u65e5\u8a18<\/span>\u5916\u56db\u7a2e\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2014.09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P94<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[43]<\/span><\/span>\uff08\u6e05\uff09\u8b1d\u862d\u751f\u8457\uff0c\u300a\u5e38\u60fa\u60fa\u9f4b\u65e5\u8a18<\/span>\u5916\u56db\u7a2e\u300b\uff0c\u5ee3\u6771\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 2014.09<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P203<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[44]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P643<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[45]<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u9673\u749e\u300a\u5c3a\u5ca1\u8349\u5802\u907a\u8a69\u300b\uff0c\u5377\u516b\uff0c\u6e05\u5149\u7dd2\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\uff08<\/span>1889<\/span>\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[46]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P611<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[47]<\/span><\/span>\u6f58\u98db\u8072\uff0c\u300a\u8457\u4f5c\u6797\u300b\uff0c<\/span>1900<\/span>\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c<\/span>9<\/span>\u671f\uff0c<\/span>P41-42<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[48]<\/span><\/span>\u9ec3\u4f5b\u9824\u64b0\uff0c\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u574a\u5fd7\u300b\uff0c\u66a8\u5357\u5927\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e<\/span>, 1994.12<\/span>\uff0c<\/span>P321<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

[49]<\/span><\/span>\u91d1\u5b78\u667a\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u5712\u6797\u7f8e\u5b78\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5efa\u7bc9\u5de5\u696d\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c<\/span>2005<\/span>\u5e74<\/span>8<\/span>\u6708\uff0c<\/span>P102<\/span>\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u8dcb\u3001<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u662f\u6587\u6536\u5f55\u4e8e\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u8f91\uff09\uff0c\u4e66\u627f\u300a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5ee3\u5dde\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u690d\u6839\u65bc\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u5ee3\u5dde\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u5e02\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u70ba\u6838\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0a\u6eaf\u4e0b\u5ef6\uff0c\u529b\u6c42\u4e0d\u62d8\u65bc\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u56ff\u65bc\u6210\u898b\uff0c\u56b4\u8b39\u6cbb\u5b78\u8207\u62d9\u8aa0\u63a2\u7d22\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u4ee5\u6df1\u529f\u592b\u3001\u5927\u8996\u91ce\u3001\u591a\u89d2\u5ea6\u66f8\u5beb\u6d3b\u8457\u7684\u3001\u6d41\u52d5\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5728\u6df1\u7814\u8fd1\u4ee3\u5ee3\u5dde\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6587\u5316\u4e4b\u5b8f\u5927\u6558\u4e8b\u7684\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u95dc\u6ce8\u8207\u57ce\u5e02\u5f8b\u52d5\u606f\u606f\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u6c11\u9593\u8a18\u61b6\u3001\u5f71\u50cf\u5c0b\u8e2a\u7b49\u5fae\u89c0\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u7acb\u9ad4\u5448\u73fe\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u5e02\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u50b3\u627f\u3001\u50b3\u64ad\u5ee3\u5dde\u57ce\u5e02\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u5b78\u8853\u5927\u773e\u5316\u3001\u50b3\u7d71\u65b0\u751f\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u6b64\u66f8\u73fe\u5df2\u767c\u552e\uff0c\u6b61\u8fce\u8cfc\u95b1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

\u8aa0\u646f\u611f\u8b1d\u738b\u7f8e\u6021\u4e3b\u7de8\u3001\u9ec3\u67cf\u8389\u526f\u4e3b\u7de8\u4ee5\u53ca\u5468\u9a5a\u6fe4\u793e\u9577\u7b49\u5404\u4f4d\u7684\u5927\u529b\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u5c07\u6211\u7684\u5c0f\u6587\u300a\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\u300b\u6536\u9304\uff0c\u5beb\u4f5c\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u773e\u597d\u53cb\u5728\u53f2\u6599\u4e0a\u3001\u7ffb\u8b6f\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u63f4\uff0c\u6709\u7814\u7a76\u6b50\u6d32\u53f2\u7684Josef Ho\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u7701\u6e2f\u6587\u5316\u7684\u9999\u6e2fYip Sir\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u57ce\u9109\u898f\u5283\u7684\u4eae\u54e5\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5ee3\u5dde\u6c34\u5229\u7684\u6b23\u6b23\u7b49\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u5712\u6797\u754c\u5433\u524d\u8f29\u66f4\u8207\u540c\u884c\u5be6\u5730\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u5e36\u4f86\u5404\u7a2e\u5e6b\u52a9\u548c\u6559\u76ca\uff0c\u6709\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4ea6\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u53ca\u6a02\u8da3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\u539f\u64ec\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7814\u7a76\u4e09\u90e8\u66f2\uff0c\u6b64\u4e8c\u842c\u5b57\u6545\u5740\u8003\u70ba\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u662f\u9084\u539f\u8003\uff0c\u6587\u5316\u8003\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u7aca\u77e5\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u6821\u4ea6\u5728\u540c\u6b65\u63a8\u9032\uff0c\u4e14\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u6642\u9593\u53ca\u7cbe\u529b\u4e0d\u902e\uff0c\u804a\u4f5c\u9059\u60f3\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\u5ee3\u5dde\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\u8003\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6458\u8981\uff1a\u5dba\u5357\u540d\u5712\uff0c\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\uff0c\u9f0e\u76db\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u821f\u696b\u5f80\u4f86\uff0c\u8a69\u980c\u8354\u7063\uff0c\u6b4c\u821e\u8377\u5858\u3002\u71df\u5546\u5931\u6557\uff0c\u7c4d\u6c92\u5165\u5b98\uff0c\u7e41\u83ef\u9813\u6b47\uff0c\u8072\u8272\u4ff1\u5bc2\uff0c\u60b2\u6dbc\u4e4b\u9727\uff0c\u904d\u88ab\u83ef\u6797\u3002\u6642\u904e\u5883\u9077\uff0c\u6e6e\u6ec5\u7121\u5b58\uff0c\u540d\u5712\u6545\u5740\uff0c\u7d1b\u8b70\u81f3\u4eca\u3002\u672c\u6587\u8490\u96c6\u6574\u5408\u8a69\u3001\u6587\u3001\u756b\u3001\u5730\u5716\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u53f2\u6599\uff0c\u7504\u5225\u6821\u9a57\uff0c\u8d70\u8a2a\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u53c3\u8b49\uff0c\u8003\u8b49\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u6545\u5740\uff0c\u7c4d\u6b64\u5c0f\u6587\uff0c\u70ba\u6d77\u5c71\u4ed9\u9928\u7684\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7814\u7a76\u6253\u4e0b\u57fa\u790e\u3002 \u4e00…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":108923,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[45],"tags":[31,29,341,1409],"special":[],"class_list":["post-108922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-gallery","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-column","tag-31","tag-29","tag-341","tag-1409","post_format-post-format-gallery"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108922","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=108922"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108922\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":108957,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/108922\/revisions\/108957"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/108923"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=108922"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=108922"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=108922"},{"taxonomy":"special","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.gznf.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/special?post=108922"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}